Table 1-1. Korea’s Labor Market Profile (Thousands of persons unless otherwise specified)
|
1997 yearly average |
1998 yearly average |
Population over 15 years of age |
34,736 |
35,243 |
Economically active population |
21,604 |
21,390 |
Labor force Participation rate (percent) |
62.2 |
60.7 |
Employment |
21,048 |
19,926 |
Unemployment |
556 |
1,463 |
Unemployment rate
(percent) |
2.6 |
6.8 |
|
Source: National Statistical Office, Monthly Review on Employment Trend (various issues, 1998). [Back]
Table 1-2. Loss of Employment by Occupation (1997 versus 1998)
Total |
-1,122 (thousands of persons) |
-5.3 (percent) |
Professional/managerial workers |
50 |
1.3 |
Clerical workers |
-156 |
-6.1 |
Service/sales workers |
-135 |
-2.8 |
Operatives/labors |
-974 |
-12.7 |
Farmers/fishermen |
94 |
4.2 |
|
Source: Author’s calculation based on the data of the National Statistical Office. [Back]
Table 1-3. Changes in the Composition of the Unemployed [Thousands of persons (percent)]
|
1997 |
1998/Sept. |
Total |
556 (100) |
1,572 (100) |
Household-head |
192 (34.5) |
719 (47.0) |
Non-head |
365 (65.5) |
853 (53.0) |
Male |
352 (63.3) |
1,069 (68.0) |
Female |
204 (36.7) |
503 (32.0) |
|
Source: See Table 1-2. [Back]
Table 1-4. Changes in the Composition of the Unemployed by Previous Job Status [Thousands of persons (percent)]
|
1997 |
1998 |
Total |
319 |
1,196 |
Self-employed and un-paid family workers |
56 (17.5) |
193 (16.1) |
Regular workers |
79 (24.8) |
258 (21.6) |
Temporary workers |
128 (40.1) |
399 (33.4) |
Day laborers |
56 (17.6) |
346 (28.9) |
|
Source: See Table 1-2. Figures are only for those who responded to the survey. [Back]
Table 1-5. Unemployment by Company Size in 1998
|
Number of the unemployed (thousands of persons) |
The unemployed
(percent) |
1-9 employees |
731 |
61.0 |
10-19 |
158 |
13.2 |
20-49 |
120 |
10.0 |
50-299 |
121 |
10.1 |
300 and more |
69 |
5.7 |
Total |
1,196 |
100 |
|
Source: See Table 1-2. Figures are only for those who responded to the survey. [Back]
Table 1-6. Wage Changes in 1997 and 1998
|
Total monthly wages (thousands of won) |
Nominal Wages
(percent) |
CPI
(1995=100) |
Real Wages
(percent) |
1997 |
1,463 |
7.0 |
4.5 |
2.4 |
1998 1/4 |
1,431 |
0.1 |
8.9 |
-8.1 |
2/4 |
1,385 |
-1.2 |
8.2 |
-8.6 |
3/4 |
1,417 |
-8.1 |
7.0 |
-14.2 |
4/4 |
1,475 |
-0.4 |
6.0 |
-6.0 |
1998 |
1,427 |
-2.5 |
7.5 |
-9.3 |
|
Source: Ministry of Labor, Monthly Report on Labor Statistics Survey (Various issues, 1998). The figures cover only the wage levels of workers in the firms employing more than 10 people in the non-agricultural private sector. [Back]
Table 1-7. Reduction in Household Income by Income Group in 1998 (Percent)
|
Nominal Income |
Real Income |
1st income group
(lowest 20) |
-17.2 |
-23.7 |
2nd income group |
-11.8 |
-18.3 |
3rd income group |
-9.9 |
-16.4 |
4th income group |
-8.8 |
-15.3 |
5th income group
(highest 20) |
-0.3 |
-6.5 |
Highest 10 |
+4.0 |
-2.5 |
Average |
-6.7 |
-13.2 |
|
Source: National Statistical Office, Quarterly Review on Urban Employees’ Household Trend (various issues, 1997 and 1998). [Back]
Table 1-8. The Means of Livelihood of Unemployed Household Heads: As of September 1998
|
Unemployed (number of persons) |
Unemployed (percent) |
Total |
719,000 |
100 |
Income from other family members |
194,000 |
27.0 |
Support from relatives and friends |
70,000 |
9.7 |
Savings, retirement allowance, selling real estate |
362,000 |
50.3 |
Income from property (interest, rent etc) |
18,000 |
2.5 |
Public pension |
2,000 |
0.3 |
Private loan |
50,000 |
7.0 |
Unemployment insurance |
10,000 |
1.4 |
Public assistance |
5,000 |
0.7 |
Other |
7,000 |
1.0 |
|
Source: National Statistical Office, Monthly Review on Employment Trend (October 1998). [Back]
Table 1-9. Reasons for Not Finding Jobs: As of September 1998
|
Total
unemployed (thousands of persons) |
Total
unemployed (percent) |
New graduates unemployed (thousands of persons) |
New
graduates unemployed (percent) |
Total |
1,572 |
100 |
108 |
100 |
Inappropriate education, skills, experience |
272 |
17.3 |
30 |
27.8 |
Inappropriate wages |
46 |
2.9 |
4 |
3.7 |
Inappropriate working hours |
42 |
2.7 |
2 |
1.8 |
Inappropriate working conditions |
98 |
6.2 |
7 |
6.5 |
Lack of education, skills, experience |
43 |
2.7 |
8 |
7.4 |
Old age and illness |
67 |
4.3 |
0 |
0 |
No job |
858 |
54.6 |
55 |
50.9 |
Not ready for self-employment |
123 |
7.8 |
0 |
0 |
Other reason |
23 |
1.4 |
2 |
1.0 |
|
Source: See Table 1-8. [Back]
Table 1-10. Changes in the Labor Market Budget: 1998 and 1999
|
Total budget
(billions of won) |
Indirect active labor market policy (percent) |
Direct active labor market policy (percent) |
Passive labor market policy (percent) |
1998 1/2 |
3,177.0 |
24.3 |
30.3 |
45.4 |
1998 2/2 |
5,326.6 |
10.5 |
21.9 |
67.6 |
1999 |
7,262.8 |
8.3 |
28.8 |
62.9 |
|
Source: Author’s calculation based on the data of the Ministry of Labor. 1998 ½ figures were based on the government’s first comprehensive policy package released on March 26, 1998.
Indirect active labor market policy = vocational training + job placement activities.
Direct active labor market policy = public work program + various employment subsidies.
Passive labor market policy = unemployment insurance + livelihood subsidies for the unemployed. [Back]
Table 3-1. Major Indicators of Industrial Relations
Years |
Union membership (Thousands of persons) |
Penetration rate (Percent) |
Number
of labor disputes |
Number
of participants (Thousands of persons) |
Loss of days
(Thousands of days) |
1980 |
948 |
14.7 |
206 |
49 |
61 |
1985 |
1,004 |
12.4 |
265 |
29 |
64 |
1986 |
1,036 |
12.3 |
276 |
47 |
72 |
1987 |
1,267 |
13.8 |
3,749 |
1,262 |
6,947 |
1988 |
1,707 |
17.8 |
1,873 |
293 |
5,401 |
1989 |
1,932 |
18.6 |
1,616 |
409 |
6,351 |
1990 |
1,887 |
16.2 |
322 |
134 |
4,487 |
1991 |
1,803 |
15.9 |
234 |
175 |
3,271 |
1992 |
1,735 |
15.0 |
235 |
105 |
1,528 |
1993 |
1,667 |
14.2 |
144 |
109 |
1,308 |
1994 |
1,659 |
13.5 |
121 |
104 |
1,484 |
1995 |
1,615 |
12.7 |
88 |
50 |
393 |
1996 |
1,598 |
12.2 |
85 |
79 |
893 |
1997 |
1,484 |
11.2 |
78 |
44 |
445 |
1998 |
1,405* (Sept. 98) |
12.5 |
129 |
146 |
1,452 |
|
Source: Ministry of Labor, Yearbook of Labor Statistics (various issues).
*Union membership of 1998 is not an official date, but a self-claimed one by two rival unions. [Back]
Table 4-1. The Unemployment Outlook: 1998-2002
|
GNP growth rate
(percent) |
Unemployment
(Thousands of persons) |
Unemployment rate (percent) |
1998 1/2 |
-5.4 |
1,334 |
6.3 |
1998 2/2 |
-6.4 |
1,593 |
7.4 |
1998 average |
-5.9 |
1,463 |
6.8 |
1999 1/2 |
0.8 |
1,698 |
7.9 |
1999 2/2 |
3.3 |
1,566 |
7.1 |
1999 average |
2.0 |
1,632 |
7.5 |
2000 |
4.7 |
1,514 |
6.8 |
2001 |
5.1 |
1,401 |
6.2 |
2002 |
5.3 |
1,281 |
5.5 |
|
Source: Ministry of Labor, 99 Jonghap Silup Daecheck (January 1999).