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Health governance capacity

Enhancing private sector investment in global health

Darrell M. West,
Darrell West
Darrell M. West Senior Fellow - Governance Studies, Center for Technology Innovation, Center for Effective Public Management, Douglas Dillon Chair in Governmental Studies

John Villasenor, and
John Villasenor
John Villasenor Nonresident Senior Fellow - Governance Studies, Center for Technology Innovation
Jake Schneider
Jake Schneider Research Assistant - The Brookings Insitution

Wednesday, March 29. 2017

  • 20 min read

A new study published as part of the Brookings Private Sector Global Health R&D Project examines the capacity of selected low- and middle-income nations to make effective use of external investment in global health research & development. The study assesses overall health governance capacity of 18 nations in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia by examining 25 indicators related to the five dimensions of management capacity, regulatory processes, health infrastructure and financing, health systems, and policy conditions in those countries.

The interactive scorecard below provides each country’s overall score and performance across the five dimensions. Click on a country’s name to view detailed scoring information across all 25 indicators.

 

Health Governance Capacity Index (HGCI)

  • flagVietnam
    82%
    70
    80
    85
    80
    95

    flag

    Score: 82%

    Each indicator is scored on a scale from 1 (lowest) to 4 (highest). To learn more about the HGCI scores, please read the 2016 report.

    Leadership and Management Capacity70%

    1. Political Stability Index (percentile rank, scale 0-100)4/4

    2. Transparency International Corruption Index Score (scale 0-100)3/4

    3. Net Official Development Assistance (ODA) Received (% of GNI)2/4

    4. Foreign Direct Investment, Net Inflows (% of GDP)3/4

    5. External Resources (% of total health expenditure)2/4

    Policies80%

    1. Rule of Law (percentile rank, scale 0-100)4/4

    2. Immunization Policies: % of the Population with DTP3 Vaccine4/4

    3. Level of Tariffs on Medical Imports of Pharmaceutical Products3/4

    4. Has Positive Intellectual Property Rights (Member to TRIPS Agreement)2/4

    5. Free from Patent Restriction from GSK Manufactured Drugs3/4

    Regulations85%

    1. Regulatory Quality (percentile rank, scale 0-100)2/4

    2. Business Climate (scale 0-100)4/4

    3. Health Expenditure, Total (% of GDP)3/4

    4. State Parties to the International Health Regulations4/4

    5. Has Pharmaceutical Drug Regulatory Body4/4

    Infrastructure and Financing80%

    1. Overall Level of Statistical Capacity (scale 0-100)4/4

    2. Access to Electricity (% of population)4/4

    3. Out-Of-Pocket Expenditure (OOPS) (% of private health expenditure)2/4

    4. Private Health Expenditure (% of total health expenditure)3/4

    5. Private Insurance (% of private health expenditure)3/4

    Health Systems95%

    1. Nurses and Midwives (per 1,000 population)3/4

    2. Physicians (per 1,000 population)4/4

    3. Infant Mortality Rate (per 1,000 live births)4/4

    4. Life Expectancy at Birth4/4

    5. Population at Risk of Malaria (% of total population)4/4

    Close Vietnam
  • flagSouth Africa
    81%
    65
    70
    95
    90
    85

    flag

    Score: 81%

    Each indicator is scored on a scale from 1 (lowest) to 4 (highest). To learn more about the HGCI scores, please read the 2016 report.

    Leadership and Management Capacity65%

    1. Political Stability Index (percentile rank, scale 0-100)4/4

    2. Transparency International Corruption Index Score (scale 0-100)4/4

    3. Net Official Development Assistance (ODA) Received (% of GNI)2/4

    4. Foreign Direct Investment, Net Inflows (% of GDP)1/4

    5. External Resources (% of total health expenditure)2/4

    Policies70%

    1. Rule of Law (percentile rank, scale 0-100)4/4

    2. Immunization Policies: % of the Population with DTP3 Vaccine3/4

    3. Level of Tariffs on Medical Imports of Pharmaceutical Products3/4

    4. Has Positive Intellectual Property Rights (Member to TRIPS Agreement)2/4

    5. Free from Patent Restriction from GSK Manufactured Drugs2/4

    Regulations95%

    1. Regulatory Quality (percentile rank, scale 0-100)4/4

    2. Business Climate (scale 0-100)3/4

    3. Health Expenditure, Total (% of GDP)4/4

    4. State Parties to the International Health Regulations4/4

    5. Has Pharmaceutical Drug Regulatory Body4/4

    Infrastructure and Financing90%

    1. Overall Level of Statistical Capacity (scale 0-100)4/4

    2. Access to Electricity (% of population)3/4

    3. Out-Of-Pocket Expenditure (OOPS) (% of private health expenditure)4/4

    4. Private Health Expenditure (% of total health expenditure)3/4

    5. Private Insurance (% of private health expenditure)4/4

    Health Systems85%

    1. Nurses and Midwives (per 1,000 population)4/4

    2. Physicians (per 1,000 population)3/4

    3. Infant Mortality Rate (per 1,000 live births)4/4

    4. Life Expectancy at Birth2/4

    5. Population at Risk of Malaria (% of total population)4/4

    Close South Africa
  • flagChina
    77%
    60
    70
    80
    90
    85

    flag

    Score: 77%

    Each indicator is scored on a scale from 1 (lowest) to 4 (highest). To learn more about the HGCI scores, please read the 2016 report.

    Leadership and Management Capacity60%

    1. Political Stability Index (percentile rank, scale 0-100)3/4

    2. Transparency International Corruption Index Score (scale 0-100)4/4

    3. Net Official Development Assistance (ODA) Received (% of GNI)1/4

    4. Foreign Direct Investment, Net Inflows (% of GDP)3/4

    5. External Resources (% of total health expenditure)1/4

    Policies70%

    1. Rule of Law (percentile rank, scale 0-100)3/4

    2. Immunization Policies: % of the Population with DTP3 Vaccine4/4

    3. Level of Tariffs on Medical Imports of Pharmaceutical Products3/4

    4. Has Positive Intellectual Property Rights (Member to TRIPS Agreement)2/4

    5. Free from Patent Restriction from GSK Manufactured Drugs2/4

    Regulations80%

    1. Regulatory Quality (percentile rank, scale 0-100)3/4

    2. Business Climate (scale 0-100)4/4

    3. Health Expenditure, Total (% of GDP)3/4

    4. State Parties to the International Health Regulations2/4

    5. Has Pharmaceutical Drug Regulatory Body4/4

    Infrastructure and Financing90%

    1. Overall Level of Statistical Capacity (scale 0-100)4/4

    2. Access to Electricity (% of population)4/4

    3. Out-Of-Pocket Expenditure (OOPS) (% of private health expenditure)3/4

    4. Private Health Expenditure (% of total health expenditure)3/4

    5. Private Insurance (% of private health expenditure)4/4

    Health Systems85%

    1. Nurses and Midwives (per 1,000 population)3/4

    2. Physicians (per 1,000 population)4/4

    3. Infant Mortality Rate (per 1,000 live births)2/4

    4. Life Expectancy at Birth4/4

    5. Population at Risk of Malaria (% of total population)4/4

    Close China
  • flagGhana
    75%
    90
    80
    80
    70
    55

    flag

    Score: 75%

    Each indicator is scored on a scale from 1 (lowest) to 4 (highest). To learn more about the HGCI scores, please read the 2016 report.

    Leadership and Management Capacity90%

    1. Political Stability Index (percentile rank, scale 0-100)4/4

    2. Transparency International Corruption Index Score (scale 0-100)4/4

    3. Net Official Development Assistance (ODA) Received (% of GNI)3/4

    4. Foreign Direct Investment, Net Inflows (% of GDP)4/4

    5. External Resources (% of total health expenditure)3/4

    Policies80%

    1. Rule of Law (percentile rank, scale 0-100)4/4

    2. Immunization Policies: % of the Population with DTP3 Vaccine3/4

    3. Level of Tariffs on Medical Imports of Pharmaceutical Products4/4

    4. Has Positive Intellectual Property Rights (Member to TRIPS Agreement)2/4

    5. Free from Patent Restriction from GSK Manufactured Drugs3/4

    Regulations80%

    1. Regulatory Quality (percentile rank, scale 0-100)4/4

    2. Business Climate (scale 0-100)3/4

    3. Health Expenditure, Total (% of GDP)1/4

    4. State Parties to the International Health Regulations4/4

    5. Has Pharmaceutical Drug Regulatory Body4/4

    Infrastructure and Financing70%

    1. Overall Level of Statistical Capacity (scale 0-100)2/4

    2. Access to Electricity (% of population)3/4

    3. Out-Of-Pocket Expenditure (OOPS) (% of private health expenditure)3/4

    4. Private Health Expenditure (% of total health expenditure)4/4

    5. Private Insurance (% of private health expenditure)2/4

    Health Systems55%

    1. Nurses and Midwives (per 1,000 population)3/4

    2. Physicians (per 1,000 population)2/4

    3. Infant Mortality Rate (per 1,000 live births)3/4

    4. Life Expectancy at Birth2/4

    5. Population at Risk of Malaria (% of total population)1/4

    Close Ghana
  • flagMozambique
    72%
    85
    80
    75
    70
    50

    flag

    Score: 72%

    Each indicator is scored on a scale from 1 (lowest) to 4 (highest). To learn more about the HGCI scores, please read the 2016 report.

    Leadership and Management Capacity85%

    1. Political Stability Index (percentile rank, scale 0-100)3/4

    2. Transparency International Corruption Index Score (scale 0-100)2/4

    3. Net Official Development Assistance (ODA) Received (% of GNI)4/4

    4. Foreign Direct Investment, Net Inflows (% of GDP)4/4

    5. External Resources (% of total health expenditure)4/4

    Policies80%

    1. Rule of Law (percentile rank, scale 0-100)2/4

    2. Immunization Policies: % of the Population with DTP3 Vaccine2/4

    3. Level of Tariffs on Medical Imports of Pharmaceutical Products4/4

    4. Has Positive Intellectual Property Rights (Member to TRIPS Agreement)4/4

    5. Free from Patent Restriction from GSK Manufactured Drugs4/4

    Regulations75%

    1. Regulatory Quality (percentile rank, scale 0-100)2/4

    2. Business Climate (scale 0-100)2/4

    3. Health Expenditure, Total (% of GDP)3/4

    4. State Parties to the International Health Regulations4/4

    5. Has Pharmaceutical Drug Regulatory Body4/4

    Infrastructure and Financing70%

    1. Overall Level of Statistical Capacity (scale 0-100)2/4

    2. Access to Electricity (% of population)2/4

    3. Out-Of-Pocket Expenditure (OOPS) (% of private health expenditure)4/4

    4. Private Health Expenditure (% of total health expenditure)4/4

    5. Private Insurance (% of private health expenditure)2/4

    Health Systems50%

    1. Nurses and Midwives (per 1,000 population)2/4

    2. Physicians (per 1,000 population)2/4

    3. Infant Mortality Rate (per 1,000 live births)3/4

    4. Life Expectancy at Birth1/4

    5. Population at Risk of Malaria (% of total population)2/4

    Close Mozambique
  • flagTanzania
    70%
    70
    90
    80
    70
    40

    flag

    Score: 70%

    Each indicator is scored on a scale from 1 (lowest) to 4 (highest). To learn more about the HGCI scores, please read the 2016 report.

    Leadership and Management Capacity70%

    1. Political Stability Index (percentile rank, scale 0-100)3/4

    2. Transparency International Corruption Index Score (scale 0-100)2/4

    3. Net Official Development Assistance (ODA) Received (% of GNI)3/4

    4. Foreign Direct Investment, Net Inflows (% of GDP)3/4

    5. External Resources (% of total health expenditure)3/4

    Policies90%

    1. Rule of Law (percentile rank, scale 0-100)3/4

    2. Immunization Policies: % of the Population with DTP3 Vaccine4/4

    3. Level of Tariffs on Medical Imports of Pharmaceutical Products3/4

    4. Has Positive Intellectual Property Rights (Member to TRIPS Agreement)4/4

    5. Free from Patent Restriction from GSK Manufactured Drugs4/4

    Regulations80%

    1. Regulatory Quality (percentile rank, scale 0-100)3/4

    2. Business Climate (scale 0-100)2/4

    3. Health Expenditure, Total (% of GDP)3/4

    4. State Parties to the International Health Regulations4/4

    5. Has Pharmaceutical Drug Regulatory Body4/4

    Infrastructure and Financing70%

    1. Overall Level of Statistical Capacity (scale 0-100)3/4

    2. Access to Electricity (% of population)1/4

    3. Out-Of-Pocket Expenditure (OOPS) (% of private health expenditure)4/4

    4. Private Health Expenditure (% of total health expenditure)3/4

    5. Private Insurance (% of private health expenditure)3/4

    Health Systems40%

    1. Nurses and Midwives (per 1,000 population)1/4

    2. Physicians (per 1,000 population)1/4

    3. Infant Mortality Rate (per 1,000 live births)2/4

    4. Life Expectancy at Birth2/4

    5. Population at Risk of Malaria (% of total population)2/4

    Close Tanzania
  • flagUganda
    70%
    60
    85
    95
    50
    60

    flag

    Score: 70%

    Each indicator is scored on a scale from 1 (lowest) to 4 (highest). To learn more about the HGCI scores, please read the 2016 report.

    Leadership and Management Capacity60%

    1. Political Stability Index (percentile rank, scale 0-100)2/4

    2. Transparency International Corruption Index Score (scale 0-100)1/4

    3. Net Official Development Assistance (ODA) Received (% of GNI)3/4

    4. Foreign Direct Investment, Net Inflows (% of GDP)3/4

    5. External Resources (% of total health expenditure)3/4

    Policies85%

    1. Rule of Law (percentile rank, scale 0-100)3/4

    2. Immunization Policies: % of the Population with DTP3 Vaccine3/4

    3. Level of Tariffs on Medical Imports of Pharmaceutical Products3/4

    4. Has Positive Intellectual Property Rights (Member to TRIPS Agreement)4/4

    5. Free from Patent Restriction from GSK Manufactured Drugs4/4

    Regulations95%

    1. Regulatory Quality (percentile rank, scale 0-100)3/4

    2. Business Climate (scale 0-100)4/4

    3. Health Expenditure, Total (% of GDP)4/4

    4. State Parties to the International Health Regulations4/4

    5. Has Pharmaceutical Drug Regulatory Body4/4

    Infrastructure and Financing50%

    1. Overall Level of Statistical Capacity (scale 0-100)2/4

    2. Access to Electricity (% of population)2/4

    3. Out-Of-Pocket Expenditure (OOPS) (% of private health expenditure)3/4

    4. Private Health Expenditure (% of total health expenditure)1/4

    5. Private Insurance (% of private health expenditure)2/4

    Health Systems60%

    1. Nurses and Midwives (per 1,000 population)3/4

    2. Physicians (per 1,000 population)2/4

    3. Infant Mortality Rate (per 1,000 live births)3/4

    4. Life Expectancy at Birth2/4

    5. Population at Risk of Malaria (% of total population)2/4

    Close Uganda
  • flagPhilippines
    69%
    45
    60
    85
    70
    85

    flag

    Score: 69%

    Each indicator is scored on a scale from 1 (lowest) to 4 (highest). To learn more about the HGCI scores, please read the 2016 report.

    Leadership and Management Capacity45%

    1. Political Stability Index (percentile rank, scale 0-100)2/4

    2. Transparency International Corruption Index Score (scale 0-100)3/4

    3. Net Official Development Assistance (ODA) Received (% of GNI)1/4

    4. Foreign Direct Investment, Net Inflows (% of GDP)2/4

    5. External Resources (% of total health expenditure)1/4

    Policies60%

    1. Rule of Law (percentile rank, scale 0-100)3/4

    2. Immunization Policies: % of the Population with DTP3 Vaccine1/4

    3. Level of Tariffs on Medical Imports of Pharmaceutical Products3/4

    4. Has Positive Intellectual Property Rights (Member to TRIPS Agreement)2/4

    5. Free from Patent Restriction from GSK Manufactured Drugs3/4

    Regulations85%

    1. Regulatory Quality (percentile rank, scale 0-100)4/4

    2. Business Climate (scale 0-100)3/4

    3. Health Expenditure, Total (% of GDP)2/4

    4. State Parties to the International Health Regulations4/4

    5. Has Pharmaceutical Drug Regulatory Body4/4

    Infrastructure and Financing70%

    1. Overall Level of Statistical Capacity (scale 0-100)3/4

    2. Access to Electricity (% of population)3/4

    3. Out-Of-Pocket Expenditure (OOPS) (% of private health expenditure)2/4

    4. Private Health Expenditure (% of total health expenditure)2/4

    5. Private Insurance (% of private health expenditure)4/4

    Health Systems85%

    1. Nurses and Midwives (per 1,000 population)4/4

    2. Physicians (per 1,000 population)4/4

    3. Infant Mortality Rate (per 1,000 live births)3/4

    4. Life Expectancy at Birth3/4

    5. Population at Risk of Malaria (% of total population)3/4

    Close Philippines
  • flagIndonesia
    68%
    50
    65
    80
    75
    70

    flag

    Score: 68%

    Each indicator is scored on a scale from 1 (lowest) to 4 (highest). To learn more about the HGCI scores, please read the 2016 report.

    Leadership and Management Capacity50%

    1. Political Stability Index (percentile rank, scale 0-100)3/4

    2. Transparency International Corruption Index Score (scale 0-100)3/4

    3. Net Official Development Assistance (ODA) Received (% of GNI)1/4

    4. Foreign Direct Investment, Net Inflows (% of GDP)2/4

    5. External Resources (% of total health expenditure)1/4

    Policies65%

    1. Rule of Law (percentile rank, scale 0-100)3/4

    2. Immunization Policies: % of the Population with DTP3 Vaccine2/4

    3. Level of Tariffs on Medical Imports of Pharmaceutical Products3/4

    4. Has Positive Intellectual Property Rights (Member to TRIPS Agreement)2/4

    5. Free from Patent Restriction from GSK Manufactured Drugs3/4

    Regulations80%

    1. Regulatory Quality (percentile rank, scale 0-100)4/4

    2. Business Climate (scale 0-100)3/4

    3. Health Expenditure, Total (% of GDP)1/4

    4. State Parties to the International Health Regulations4/4

    5. Has Pharmaceutical Drug Regulatory Body4/4

    Infrastructure and Financing75%

    1. Overall Level of Statistical Capacity (scale 0-100)4/4

    2. Access to Electricity (% of population)4/4

    3. Out-Of-Pocket Expenditure (OOPS) (% of private health expenditure)2/4

    4. Private Health Expenditure (% of total health expenditure)3/4

    5. Private Insurance (% of private health expenditure)2/4

    Health Systems70%

    1. Nurses and Midwives (per 1,000 population)3/4

    2. Physicians (per 1,000 population)2/4

    3. Infant Mortality Rate (per 1,000 live births)2/4

    4. Life Expectancy at Birth4/4

    5. Population at Risk of Malaria (% of total population)3/4

    Close Indonesia
  • flagKenya
    68%
    55
    60
    90
    70
    65

    flag

    Score: 68%

    Each indicator is scored on a scale from 1 (lowest) to 4 (highest). To learn more about the HGCI scores, please read the 2016 report.

    Leadership and Management Capacity55%

    1. Political Stability Index (percentile rank, scale 0-100)2/4

    2. Transparency International Corruption Index Score (scale 0-100)1/4

    3. Net Official Development Assistance (ODA) Received (% of GNI)3/4

    4. Foreign Direct Investment, Net Inflows (% of GDP)2/4

    5. External Resources (% of total health expenditure)3/4

    Policies60%

    1. Rule of Law (percentile rank, scale 0-100)2/4

    2. Immunization Policies: % of the Population with DTP3 Vaccine2/4

    3. Level of Tariffs on Medical Imports of Pharmaceutical Products3/4

    4. Has Positive Intellectual Property Rights (Member to TRIPS Agreement)2/4

    5. Free from Patent Restriction from GSK Manufactured Drugs3/4

    Regulations90%

    1. Regulatory Quality (percentile rank, scale 0-100)3/4

    2. Business Climate (scale 0-100)4/4

    3. Health Expenditure, Total (% of GDP)3/4

    4. State Parties to the International Health Regulations4/4

    5. Has Pharmaceutical Drug Regulatory Body4/4

    Infrastructure and Financing70%

    1. Overall Level of Statistical Capacity (scale 0-100)1/4

    2. Access to Electricity (% of population)2/4

    3. Out-Of-Pocket Expenditure (OOPS) (% of private health expenditure)3/4

    4. Private Health Expenditure (% of total health expenditure)4/4

    5. Private Insurance (% of private health expenditure)4/4

    Health Systems65%

    1. Nurses and Midwives (per 1,000 population)2/4

    2. Physicians (per 1,000 population)3/4

    3. Infant Mortality Rate (per 1,000 live births)3/4

    4. Life Expectancy at Birth2/4

    5. Population at Risk of Malaria (% of total population)3/4

    Close Kenya
  • flagLiberia
    66%
    90
    65
    70
    55
    50

    flag

    Score: 66%

    Each indicator is scored on a scale from 1 (lowest) to 4 (highest). To learn more about the HGCI scores, please read the 2016 report.

    Leadership and Management Capacity90%

    1. Political Stability Index (percentile rank, scale 0-100)3/4

    2. Transparency International Corruption Index Score (scale 0-100)3/4

    3. Net Official Development Assistance (ODA) Received (% of GNI)4/4

    4. Foreign Direct Investment, Net Inflows (% of GDP)4/4

    5. External Resources (% of total health expenditure)4/4

    Policies65%

    1. Rule of Law (percentile rank, scale 0-100)1/4

    2. Immunization Policies: % of the Population with DTP3 Vaccine1/4

    3. Level of Tariffs on Medical Imports of Pharmaceutical Products3/4

    4. Has Positive Intellectual Property Rights (Member to TRIPS Agreement)4/4

    5. Free from Patent Restriction from GSK Manufactured Drugs4/4

    Regulations70%

    1. Regulatory Quality (percentile rank, scale 0-100)1/4

    2. Business Climate (scale 0-100)1/4

    3. Health Expenditure, Total (% of GDP)4/4

    4. State Parties to the International Health Regulations4/4

    5. Has Pharmaceutical Drug Regulatory Body4/4

    Infrastructure and Financing55%

    1. Overall Level of Statistical Capacity (scale 0-100)1/4

    2. Access to Electricity (% of population)1/4

    3. Out-Of-Pocket Expenditure (OOPS) (% of private health expenditure)4/4

    4. Private Health Expenditure (% of total health expenditure)2/4

    5. Private Insurance (% of private health expenditure)3/4

    Health Systems50%

    1. Nurses and Midwives (per 1,000 population)2/4

    2. Physicians (per 1,000 population)1/4

    3. Infant Mortality Rate (per 1,000 live births)4/4

    4. Life Expectancy at Birth2/4

    5. Population at Risk of Malaria (% of total population)1/4

    Close Liberia
  • flagEthiopia
    63%
    70
    80
    60
    55
    50

    flag

    Score: 63%

    Each indicator is scored on a scale from 1 (lowest) to 4 (highest). To learn more about the HGCI scores, please read the 2016 report.

    Leadership and Management Capacity70%

    1. Political Stability Index (percentile rank, scale 0-100)1/4

    2. Transparency International Corruption Index Score (scale 0-100)3/4

    3. Net Official Development Assistance (ODA) Received (% of GNI)3/4

    4. Foreign Direct Investment, Net Inflows (% of GDP)3/4

    5. External Resources (% of total health expenditure)4/4

    Policies80%

    1. Rule of Law (percentile rank, scale 0-100)2/4

    2. Immunization Policies: % of the Population with DTP3 Vaccine4/4

    3. Level of Tariffs on Medical Imports of Pharmaceutical Products2/4

    4. Has Positive Intellectual Property Rights (Member to TRIPS Agreement)4/4

    5. Free from Patent Restriction from GSK Manufactured Drugs4/4

    Regulations60%

    1. Regulatory Quality (percentile rank, scale 0-100)1/4

    2. Business Climate (scale 0-100)1/4

    3. Health Expenditure, Total (% of GDP)2/4

    4. State Parties to the International Health Regulations4/4

    5. Has Pharmaceutical Drug Regulatory Body4/4

    Infrastructure and Financing55%

    1. Overall Level of Statistical Capacity (scale 0-100)2/4

    2. Access to Electricity (% of population)2/4

    3. Out-Of-Pocket Expenditure (OOPS) (% of private health expenditure)2/4

    4. Private Health Expenditure (% of total health expenditure)4/4

    5. Private Insurance (% of private health expenditure)1/4

    Health Systems50%

    1. Nurses and Midwives (per 1,000 population)1/4

    2. Physicians (per 1,000 population)1/4

    3. Infant Mortality Rate (per 1,000 live births)2/4

    4. Life Expectancy at Birth3/4

    5. Population at Risk of Malaria (% of total population)3/4

    Close Ethiopia
  • flagIndia
    61%
    50
    65
    70
    55
    65

    flag

    Score: 61%

    Each indicator is scored on a scale from 1 (lowest) to 4 (highest). To learn more about the HGCI scores, please read the 2016 report.

    Leadership and Management Capacity50%

    1. Political Stability Index (percentile rank, scale 0-100)2/4

    2. Transparency International Corruption Index Score (scale 0-100)4/4

    3. Net Official Development Assistance (ODA) Received (% of GNI)1/4

    4. Foreign Direct Investment, Net Inflows (% of GDP)2/4

    5. External Resources (% of total health expenditure)1/4

    Policies65%

    1. Rule of Law (percentile rank, scale 0-100)4/4

    2. Immunization Policies: % of the Population with DTP3 Vaccine2/4

    3. Level of Tariffs on Medical Imports of Pharmaceutical Products2/4

    4. Has Positive Intellectual Property Rights (Member to TRIPS Agreement)2/4

    5. Free from Patent Restriction from GSK Manufactured Drugs3/4

    Regulations70%

    1. Regulatory Quality (percentile rank, scale 0-100)3/4

    2. Business Climate (scale 0-100)3/4

    3. Health Expenditure, Total (% of GDP)2/4

    4. State Parties to the International Health Regulations2/4

    5. Has Pharmaceutical Drug Regulatory Body4/4

    Infrastructure and Financing55%

    1. Overall Level of Statistical Capacity (scale 0-100)3/4

    2. Access to Electricity (% of population)3/4

    3. Out-Of-Pocket Expenditure (OOPS) (% of private health expenditure)1/4

    4. Private Health Expenditure (% of total health expenditure)2/4

    5. Private Insurance (% of private health expenditure)2/4

    Health Systems65%

    1. Nurses and Midwives (per 1,000 population)4/4

    2. Physicians (per 1,000 population)3/4

    3. Infant Mortality Rate (per 1,000 live births)1/4

    4. Life Expectancy at Birth3/4

    5. Population at Risk of Malaria (% of total population)2/4

    Close India
  • flagSierra Leone
    60%
    85
    65
    80
    30
    40

    flag

    Score: 60%

    Each indicator is scored on a scale from 1 (lowest) to 4 (highest). To learn more about the HGCI scores, please read the 2016 report.

    Leadership and Management Capacity85%

    1. Political Stability Index (percentile rank, scale 0-100)4/4

    2. Transparency International Corruption Index Score (scale 0-100)2/4

    3. Net Official Development Assistance (ODA) Received (% of GNI)4/4

    4. Foreign Direct Investment, Net Inflows (% of GDP)4/4

    5. External Resources (% of total health expenditure)3/4

    Policies65%

    1. Rule of Law (percentile rank, scale 0-100)1/4

    2. Immunization Policies: % of the Population with DTP3 Vaccine2/4

    3. Level of Tariffs on Medical Imports of Pharmaceutical Products2/4

    4. Has Positive Intellectual Property Rights (Member to TRIPS Agreement)4/4

    5. Free from Patent Restriction from GSK Manufactured Drugs4/4

    Regulations80%

    1. Regulatory Quality (percentile rank, scale 0-100)2/4

    2. Business Climate (scale 0-100)2/4

    3. Health Expenditure, Total (% of GDP)4/4

    4. State Parties to the International Health Regulations4/4

    5. Has Pharmaceutical Drug Regulatory Body4/4

    Infrastructure and Financing30%

    1. Overall Level of Statistical Capacity (scale 0-100)1/4

    2. Access to Electricity (% of population)1/4

    3. Out-Of-Pocket Expenditure (OOPS) (% of private health expenditure)2/4

    4. Private Health Expenditure (% of total health expenditure)1/4

    5. Private Insurance (% of private health expenditure)1/4

    Health Systems40%

    1. Nurses and Midwives (per 1,000 population)1/4

    2. Physicians (per 1,000 population)1/4

    3. Infant Mortality Rate (per 1,000 live births)4/4

    4. Life Expectancy at Birth1/4

    5. Population at Risk of Malaria (% of total population)1/4

    Close Sierra Leone
  • flagBangladesh
    58%
    45
    75
    55
    45
    70

    flag

    Score: 58%

    Each indicator is scored on a scale from 1 (lowest) to 4 (highest). To learn more about the HGCI scores, please read the 2016 report.

    Leadership and Management Capacity45%

    1. Political Stability Index (percentile rank, scale 0-100)2/4

    2. Transparency International Corruption Index Score (scale 0-100)1/4

    3. Net Official Development Assistance (ODA) Received (% of GNI)2/4

    4. Foreign Direct Investment, Net Inflows (% of GDP)2/4

    5. External Resources (% of total health expenditure)2/4

    Policies75%

    1. Rule of Law (percentile rank, scale 0-100)2/4

    2. Immunization Policies: % of the Population with DTP3 Vaccine3/4

    3. Level of Tariffs on Medical Imports of Pharmaceutical Products3/4

    4. Has Positive Intellectual Property Rights (Member to TRIPS Agreement)4/4

    5. Free from Patent Restriction from GSK Manufactured Drugs3/4

    Regulations55%

    1. Regulatory Quality (percentile rank, scale 0-100)1/4

    2. Business Climate (scale 0-100)1/4

    3. Health Expenditure, Total (% of GDP)1/4

    4. State Parties to the International Health Regulations4/4

    5. Has Pharmaceutical Drug Regulatory Body4/4

    Infrastructure and Financing45%

    1. Overall Level of Statistical Capacity (scale 0-100)3/4

    2. Access to Electricity (% of population)3/4

    3. Out-Of-Pocket Expenditure (OOPS) (% of private health expenditure)1/4

    4. Private Health Expenditure (% of total health expenditure)1/4

    5. Private Insurance (% of private health expenditure)1/4

    Health Systems70%

    1. Nurses and Midwives (per 1,000 population)1/4

    2. Physicians (per 1,000 population)3/4

    3. Infant Mortality Rate (per 1,000 live births)2/4

    4. Life Expectancy at Birth4/4

    5. Population at Risk of Malaria (% of total population)4/4

    Close Bangladesh
  • flagCongo (DR)
    54%
    55
    65
    60
    50
    40

    flag

    Score: 54%

    Each indicator is scored on a scale from 1 (lowest) to 4 (highest). To learn more about the HGCI scores, please read the 2016 report.

    Leadership and Management Capacity55%

    1. Political Stability Index (percentile rank, scale 0-100)1/4

    2. Transparency International Corruption Index Score (scale 0-100)1/4

    3. Net Official Development Assistance (ODA) Received (% of GNI)4/4

    4. Foreign Direct Investment, Net Inflows (% of GDP)1/4

    5. External Resources (% of total health expenditure)4/4

    Policies65%

    1. Rule of Law (percentile rank, scale 0-100)1/4

    2. Immunization Policies: % of the Population with DTP3 Vaccine3/4

    3. Level of Tariffs on Medical Imports of Pharmaceutical Products1/4

    4. Has Positive Intellectual Property Rights (Member to TRIPS Agreement)4/4

    5. Free from Patent Restriction from GSK Manufactured Drugs4/4

    Regulations60%

    1. Regulatory Quality (percentile rank, scale 0-100)1/4

    2. Business Climate (scale 0-100)1/4

    3. Health Expenditure, Total (% of GDP)2/4

    4. State Parties to the International Health Regulations4/4

    5. Has Pharmaceutical Drug Regulatory Body4/4

    Infrastructure and Financing50%

    1. Overall Level of Statistical Capacity (scale 0-100)1/4

    2. Access to Electricity (% of population)1/4

    3. Out-Of-Pocket Expenditure (OOPS) (% of private health expenditure)3/4

    4. Private Health Expenditure (% of total health expenditure)2/4

    5. Private Insurance (% of private health expenditure)3/4

    Health Systems40%

    1. Nurses and Midwives (per 1,000 population)2/4

    2. Physicians (per 1,000 population)2/4

    3. Infant Mortality Rate (per 1,000 live births)1/4

    4. Life Expectancy at Birth1/4

    5. Population at Risk of Malaria (% of total population)2/4

    Close Congo (DR)
  • flagPakistan
    54%
    40
    45
    65
    55
    65

    flag

    Score: 54%

    Each indicator is scored on a scale from 1 (lowest) to 4 (highest). To learn more about the HGCI scores, please read the 2016 report.

    Leadership and Management Capacity40%

    1. Political Stability Index (percentile rank, scale 0-100)1/4

    2. Transparency International Corruption Index Score (scale 0-100)2/4

    3. Net Official Development Assistance (ODA) Received (% of GNI)2/4

    4. Foreign Direct Investment, Net Inflows (% of GDP)1/4

    5. External Resources (% of total health expenditure)2/4

    Policies45%

    1. Rule of Law (percentile rank, scale 0-100)2/4

    2. Immunization Policies: % of the Population with DTP3 Vaccine1/4

    3. Level of Tariffs on Medical Imports of Pharmaceutical Products1/4

    4. Has Positive Intellectual Property Rights (Member to TRIPS Agreement)2/4

    5. Free from Patent Restriction from GSK Manufactured Drugs3/4

    Regulations65%

    1. Regulatory Quality (percentile rank, scale 0-100)2/4

    2. Business Climate (scale 0-100)2/4

    3. Health Expenditure, Total (% of GDP)1/4

    4. State Parties to the International Health Regulations4/4

    5. Has Pharmaceutical Drug Regulatory Body4/4

    Infrastructure and Financing55%

    1. Overall Level of Statistical Capacity (scale 0-100)3/4

    2. Access to Electricity (% of population)4/4

    3. Out-Of-Pocket Expenditure (OOPS) (% of private health expenditure)1/4

    4. Private Health Expenditure (% of total health expenditure)2/4

    5. Private Insurance (% of private health expenditure)1/4

    Health Systems65%

    1. Nurses and Midwives (per 1,000 population)2/4

    2. Physicians (per 1,000 population)4/4

    3. Infant Mortality Rate (per 1,000 live births)1/4

    4. Life Expectancy at Birth3/4

    5. Population at Risk of Malaria (% of total population)3/4

    Close Pakistan
  • flagNigeria
    52%
    40
    55
    70
    45
    50

    flag

    Score: 52%

    Each indicator is scored on a scale from 1 (lowest) to 4 (highest). To learn more about the HGCI scores, please read the 2016 report.

    Leadership and Management Capacity40%

    1. Political Stability Index (percentile rank, scale 0-100)1/4

    2. Transparency International Corruption Index Score (scale 0-100)2/4

    3. Net Official Development Assistance (ODA) Received (% of GNI)2/4

    4. Foreign Direct Investment, Net Inflows (% of GDP)1/4

    5. External Resources (% of total health expenditure)2/4

    Policies55%

    1. Rule of Law (percentile rank, scale 0-100)1/4

    2. Immunization Policies: % of the Population with DTP3 Vaccine1/4

    3. Level of Tariffs on Medical Imports of Pharmaceutical Products4/4

    4. Has Positive Intellectual Property Rights (Member to TRIPS Agreement)2/4

    5. Free from Patent Restriction from GSK Manufactured Drugs3/4

    Regulations70%

    1. Regulatory Quality (percentile rank, scale 0-100)2/4

    2. Business Climate (scale 0-100)2/4

    3. Health Expenditure, Total (% of GDP)2/4

    4. State Parties to the International Health Regulations4/4

    5. Has Pharmaceutical Drug Regulatory Body4/4

    Infrastructure and Financing45%

    1. Overall Level of Statistical Capacity (scale 0-100)2/4

    2. Access to Electricity (% of population)2/4

    3. Out-Of-Pocket Expenditure (OOPS) (% of private health expenditure)1/4

    4. Private Health Expenditure (% of total health expenditure)1/4

    5. Private Insurance (% of private health expenditure)3/4

    Health Systems50%

    1. Nurses and Midwives (per 1,000 population)4/4

    2. Physicians (per 1,000 population)3/4

    3. Infant Mortality Rate (per 1,000 live births)1/4

    4. Life Expectancy at Birth1/4

    5. Population at Risk of Malaria (% of total population)1/4

    Close Nigeria

 

About the study

Efforts to increase investment in global health traditionally focus on national governments and publicly funded multilateral aid organizations. Although the public sector is essential to the financing of medical research and development, non-governmental contributions have a large role to play as well. Given the proper environment—one in which it is clear that healthcare innovations will pass regulatory, policy, and legal muster—private sector financing can be a key source of investment in new medical treatments and preventions.

In “Health Governance Capacity: Enhancing Private Sector Investment in Global Health,” authors Darrell West, John Villasenor, and Jake Schneider examine the capacity of certain low- and middle-income nations to make effective use of external investment in global health R&D. “Good governance is a foundational condition for global health investment,” the authors write. “It conditions the overall environment in which both public and private sector health investment takes place.”

The researchers assess the overall health governance capacity of 18 nations in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia by examining 25 indicators related to the management capacity, regulatory processes, health infrastructure and financing, health systems, and policy conditions in those countries. Their key findings include:

  • Of the 18 countries studied, Vietnam, South Africa, China, and Ghana rank highest on the authors’ Health Governance Capacity Index (HGCI), indicating that these nations have a strong ability to attract and leverage private investment in health R&D.
  • Bangladesh, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Pakistan, and Nigeria rank lowest on the HGCI. These nations received low scores on the dimensions of “Management Capacity” and “Health Systems,” indicating that targeted efforts to improve those areas could have a significant impact on their ability to absorb new investments relevant to global health goals.
  • In general, low- and middle-income countries can attract greater private investment in health R&D by increasing government transparency and stability, lowering tariffs on medical products, expediting the regulatory process for new drugs, investing in health infrastructure, and increasing government spending on health care in an efficient and targeted manner.

“By boosting private investment in global health R&D, the world can achieve even more impressive gains in personal well-being and economic growth,” the authors conclude in this, the first in a series of planned publications under the Brookings Private Sector Global Health R&D Project.

For more information, download the full report. Comments and feedback can be sent to [email protected].

Authors

Darrell West
Darrell M. West Senior Fellow - Governance Studies, Center for Technology Innovation, Center for Effective Public Management, Douglas Dillon Chair in Governmental Studies

John Villasenor
John Villasenor Nonresident Senior Fellow - Governance Studies, Center for Technology Innovation
Jake Schneider Research Assistant - The Brookings Insitution
More On
Program

Governance Studies

Center

Center for Technology Innovation

Project

Private Sector Global Health R&D Project