Iana Williams, 8, who is homeless, reads a book at a School on Wheels' after-school program in Los Angeles, February 9, 2012. (Reuters/Lucy Nicholson)
Paper
Is Retaining Students in the Early Grades Self-Defeating?
August 16, 2012, Martin R. West
With substantial evidence indicating future educational struggles for those children who don't acquire basic reading skills by third grade, Martin West discusses the effectiveness of policies that retain students and provide them with intensive remedial interventions versus those that promote students to keep them with their peers.