Pueblos and reservations,

New Mexico

AUGUST 2022

Creating community-determined rural policies:  

How Native women transform challenges into impactful social entrepreneurship

Conversations about rural inclusion and revitalization have become cluttered with novel ideas aimed at uplifting communities of color. While experiments in equity are plentiful, few have tangibly altered the stoic realities of their intended beneficiaries. At the core of this limited success is a willful reluctance to truly understand the context that regulates life and uneven opportunities across space and cultures. Rural minority communities unenviably reside at the intersection of good intentions and understudied identities, forced into an amalgamated monolith. Before equity and inclusion palliatives can enhance rural minority well-being, policymakers must define the meaning of two loaded terms: diversity and inclusion.

Recognizing how Indigenous groups are marginalized in mainstream socio-political and economic discourse marks the first step in this direction. This premise particularly holds for Indigenous women; their identities are repeatedly shaped by vague ideas about agency and organizational power, leading to cycles of minimization and erasure. The experiences of Native women, who are cultural guardians and economic anchors in rural communities, have been reduced to ritualistic relics or devalued. Outsiders unable to relate to Native American value systems see these women’s work as lacking substance and form. Dismissing their formidable contributions to economic development and community preservation has created missed opportunities to strategically close wealth gaps and to improve the health outcomes of economically vulnerable women. Enabling community wealth and health preserves primary sources of Native American cultural prosperity.

About the Authors

Makada Henry-Nickie


Makada Henry-Nickie

Nonresident Fellow, Governance Studies

 

Regina Seo


Regina Seo

Senior Research Assistant, Brookings Metro

Throughout this case study, we highlight the innovative work of enterprising Native women who have leveraged their heritage to inspire paradigm shifts in maternal health, social entrepreneurship and financial inclusion. Together, these strategies have enhanced their rural communities’ economic security and well-being. Rurality and sovereign living people occupying reservation spaces typically conjure images of desolation and scarcity. However, the Indigenous women-led organizations featured in this case study dismantle defict frames by emphasizing the political resourcefulness and creative abilities of these rural minority communities. We argue that promoting Native women–led entrepreneurship is a core component of the rural policy toolbox. Non-Native stakeholders must see themselves as a pillar of rural America’s revitalization and invest equitably in Native women–led enterprises.

Pueblos and reservations, New Mexico stats

195,1661

Total New Mexico Native American population

32%2

Native American poverty rate

$36,2953 

Native American median household income

5964

Native-owned employer businesses

2,3005

Native-owned nonemployer businesses
professional female leaders of Roanhorse Consulting
The Native Women Lead team. Left to right: Jennifer Lujan, Program Manager; Alicia Ortega, Director of Strategy & Growth; Jaime Gloshay, Co-Director of Building & Impact; and Ari Tenorio, Project Manager.
Vanessa Roanhorse, CEO of Roanhorse Consulting
In her vibrant home office, located in Albuquerque, NM, Vanessa Roanhorse, CEO of Roanhorse Consulting, LLC, prepares for the day ahead.
Nicolle L. Gonzales BSN, RN, MSN, CNM (Founder and Midwifery Director) holds onto a traditional red and white birthing belt.
At Changing Woman Initiative birthing center, Nicolle L. Gonzales BSN, RN, MSN, CNM (Founder and Midwifery Director) holds onto a traditional red and white birthing belt.
owner Tina Archuleta of Itality Plant Based Foods reviewing blueprints
Inside of her soon-to-be new business space, owner Tina Archuleta of Itality Plant Based Foods takes a look at the construction blueprints for her business to be built in Albuquerque, NM.
Sisters Olivia Roanhorse, MPH, COO (left) and Vanessa Roanhorse, CEO (right)
Sisters Olivia Roanhorse, MPH, COO (left) and Vanessa Roanhorse, CEO (right), are both part of an incredible team at Roanhorse Consulting, LLC.
owner of Itality Plant Based Foods, Tina Archuleta, outside of her new building
The owner of Itality Plant Based Foods, Tina Archuleta, outside of her new building under construction and close to the Indian Pueblo Cultural Center in Albuquerque, NM.
Nicolle L. Gonzales BSN, RN, MSN, CNM, Founder and Midwifery Director of the Changing Woman Initiative
Nicolle L. Gonzales BSN, RN, MSN, CNM, Founder and Midwifery Director of the Changing Woman Initiative birthing center smiles outside of her Albuquerque, NM facility.
Ari Tenorio, Project Manager (left), and Director of Strategy & Growth, Alicia Ortega (right)
Ari Tenorio, Project Manager (left), and Director of Strategy & Growth, Alicia Ortega (right), collaborate in their conference room.
Nicolle L. Gonzales BSN, RN, MSN, CNM (Founder and Midwifery Director) meets with a patient
Nicolle L. Gonzales BSN, RN, MSN, CNM (Founder and Midwifery Director) meets with a patient at Changing Woman Initiative birthing center in Albuquerque, NM.

Footnotes

  1. U.S. Census Bureau; American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates 2016-2020, Table B02001. Population by Race.
  2. U.S. Census Bureau; American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates 2016-2020, Table B17001C. Poverty Status in the Past 12 Months by Sex by Age (American Indian and Alaska Native Alone). 
  3. U.S. Census Bureau; American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates 2016-2020, Table B19013C. Median Household Income in the Past 12 Months (2020 Inflation-Adjusted Dollars) (American Indian and Alaska Native Alone Householder). 
  4. U.S. Census Bureau; Annual Business Survey: Statistics for Employer Firms by Industry, Sex, Ethnicity, Race, and Veteran Status for the U.S., States, and Metro Areas: 2019, Table AB1900CSA01. https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=0400000US35&y=2019&d=ECNSVY%20Annual%20Business%20Survey%20 Annual%20Business%20Survey&tid=ABSCS2019.AB1900CSA01&nkd=ETH_GROUP~001,RACE_ GROUP~50,SEX~001,VET_GROUP~001.
  5. U.S. Census Bureau; Nonemployer Statistics by Demographics, Annual Business Survey Program, Statistics for Nonemployer Firms by Industry, Sex, Ethnicity, Race, and Veteran Status for the U.S., States, and Metro Areas: 2018. 

Acknowledgements

We wish to thank Google.org and Walmart Foundation for their generous support. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect positions or policies of donors. Brookings recognizes that the value it provides is in its absolute commitment to quality, independence, and impact. Activities supported by its donors reflect this commitment.

The following people contributed significantly to the development of this case study: Samantha Elizondo, Yeaye Stemn, and Coura Fall. The authors thank the Roanhorse Consulting, LLC, Native Women Lead, Changing Women Initiative, and Tina Archuleta for their generous support of this project. We would like to thank Mateo Perez for his photography featured in this case study.

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