user,link,1A. Assess the present state of U.S.-European relations overall.,"1B. Is it trending positive, negative, or neutral?",1C. Explain your answer in up to 100 words.,2A. Assess the present state of U.S.-European political relations.,"2B. Is it trending positive, negative, or neutral?",2C. Explain your answer in up to 100 words.,3A. Assess the present state of U.S.-European security relations.,"3B. Is it trending positive, negative, or neutral?",3C. Explain your answer in up to 100 words.,4A. Assess the present state of U.S.-European economic relations. ,"4B. Is it trending positive, negative, or neutral?",4C. Explain your answer in up to 100 words.,5A. Assess the present state of U.S.-German relations.,"5B. Is it trending positive, negative, or neutral?",6A. Assess the present state of U.S.-French relations. ,"6B. Is it trending positive, negative, or neutral?",7A. Assess the present state of U.S.-British relations. ,"7B. Is it trending positive, negative, or neutral?",8A. Assess the present state of U.S.-Turkish relations.,"8B. Is it trending positive, negative, or neutral?",9A. Assess the present state of U.S.-Russian relations. ,"9B. Is it trending positive, negative, or neutral?",10A. Assess the present state of U.S.-European Union relations. ,"10B. Is it trending positive, negative, or neutral?",11A. The difficulties faced by the European Union in distributing the COVID-19 vaccine illustrate weaknesses of the European governance model.,11B. Explain your answer in up to 100 words.,"12A. President Erdoğan's attempt to ban the pro-Kurdish HDP, unilateral withdrawal from the Istanbul Convention on violence against women, and sacking of the central bank leadership will damage Turkey's economic recovery and undercut domestic support for the government.",12B. Explain your answer in up to 100 words.,"13A. The investment pact signed between China and Iran will make new economic and nuclear negotiations between the United States, Europe, and Iran less likely to succeed.",13B. Explain your answer in up to 100 words.,14A. Chinese sanctions against European parliamentarians and scholars will encourage the development of a common transatlantic approach to China on issues like trade and human rights.,14B. Explain your answer in up to 100 words.,15A. Tensions over Nord Stream 2 will be a significant impediment to the United States and Europe developing a cohesive approach to Russia.,15B. Explain your answer in up to 100 words.
Bruce Jones,https://www.brookings.edu/experts/bruce-jones/,6,Positive,There are brewing tensions in the relationship — and an acute diplomatic crisis over Nord Stream — which may result in poor outcomes. But they are slightly over-balanced by a return of diplomatic normality in the relationship and positive European responses to early moves by the Biden administration. ,6,Positive,,6,Positive,"As European perspectives on China shift, they are coming into closer alignment with U.S. perspectives — this is pulling the two sides into closer alignment on a core geopolitical challenge. As American perspectives on Russia return to sanity, there's greater convergence there as well. Still lots of divergences and room for disagreement, but improvement overall. ",5,Neutral,"Some positives in early moves, and the potential for deeper cooperation on taxation. But let's see how Biden's ""Buy America"" moves fit into the WTO and overall multilateral trade arrangements. ",5,Neutral,6,Positive,6,Positive,4,Negative,2,Negative,7,Positive,Disagree,"When the world's most powerful countries engage in ""race to the bottom"" and ""sauve qui peut"" behavior, narrow nationalism wins out over collaboration and cooperation. But they are Pyrrhic victories. Ultimately, we are going to need the kind of cooperative approach to vaccine production and distribution that the EU was trying to implement. In the short term, they will pay a political price. But it's weak analysis to suggest it's about a flaw in the model. ",Agree,,Neutral,"Not really. There are much stronger forces pushing against success than this one, and deepening China-Iran ties have been a reality for a while. ",Agree,We are already seeing a shift in European threat perceptions vis-à-vis China and new obstacles to EU-China cooperation as a result of this. ,Disagree,It's a major thorn. But there are several other areas where the United States and Europe share common perspectives and concerns on Russia. 
Douglas A. Rediker,https://www.brookings.edu/experts/douglas-a-rediker/,6,Positive,"The Biden/Blinken trans-Atlantic approach marks a big change from Trump. Wariness remains about what kind of country the United States really is, but momentum is clearly positive. Relations with China drive U.S. foreign policy, so Europe's more balanced approach (call it 75/25 US/China) will be tested, as China's reaction to multilateral approaches against it have been poorly received and could spur closer U.S.-EU ties as a result.",7,Positive,,7,Positive,,6,Positive,"While overall relations remain directionally positive, the United States continues to apply tariffs on steel/aluminum and other areas of trade related disputes. The outcome of Boeing-Airbus tariff dispute was positive, but digital services tax related issues remain unresolved, in spite of the Biden administration's moves to remove hurdles on global minimum tax issues. Things are looking better, but far from where they could be. If the EU cooperates more with United States on China-related issues, economic relations could improve further and faster than otherwise. ",6,Positive,6,Positive,8,Positive,3,Neutral,2,Negative,7,Positive,Strongly Agree,"The poor response to COVID by the EU played to many stereotypes about the EU's focus on process, not outcomes, and unresolved conflicts between individual countries and the collective EU whole. Europe has suffered relative to most/all its global peers: the United States, China, and even the United Kingdom, which surprisingly looks like a model of effective governance and leadership by comparison. A very negative outcome for the EU on virtually all levels — economic, health/personal, and strategic. ",Agree,"Turkey's economic problems are real and have been papered over by international investment that supports the country's economy. That investment is increasingly nervous, and risks of less capital flowing into the country are compounded by risks of capital flight from the country and from the lira. The more Erdoğan seeks to aggressively exercise political power, the greater the risks that investment reverses, leading to domestic risks of the same, along with political manifestations of frustration.  ",Agree,"While Iran's economy needs a deal to remove sanctions on more than just oil exports, if China thumbs its nose at existing sanctions on investments and oil exports, the motivation for Iran to cut a deal with the ""Great Satan"" is diminished. An already fraught path to a deal becomes that much more difficult.  ",Agree,"Europe remains wary of assuming the Biden administration represents a reversion to the past trans-Atlantic relationship, so there is a desire to hedge and keep relations with China on good terms. There is also a strong economic rationale for doing so. But China's overly aggressive reaction against EU scholars and MEPs almost forces the EU away from their desired China strategy and towards a closer relationship with the United States.",Agree,"There is little internal consensus around Nord Stream 2 within the EU and less between the EU and the United States. Domestic political pressures could push the United States to impose further sanctions that will rile Germany and others, where commercial interests dominate. Russia is always tricky in terms of crafting a cohesive U.S.-EU approach. NS2 makes it even harder. "
James Goldgeier,https://www.brookings.edu/experts/james-goldgeier/,6,Positive,"After the initial relief in most countries in Europe and among trans-Atlanticists in the United States that Joe Biden was president and eager to engage Europe, there is now a wait-and-see attitude in many quarters regarding the many issues that still unsettle the relationship, including CAI and the broader set of relations with China as well as Nordstream 2 and the broader set of relations with Russia. China's sanctions on European parliamentarians and Russia's treatment of Aleksey Navalny may make it easier to coalesce around tough trans-Atlantic positions vis-à-vis both of those major powers, but the undercurrents of disagreements still run through the relationship.",6,Positive,"Having a president who respects the EU and wants to cooperate with it puts the state of political relations on a higher footing than it was only a few months ago. Biden has taken steps important to Europeans, such as rejoining the Paris Climate Accords, extending the New START Treaty, and pursuing negotiations with Iran. ",7,Positive,"Biden's return of the United States to a more traditional approach to NATO and reaffirmation of Article V have given the relationship a much needed boost. The meetings and phone calls are helping rebuild trust, and there will be a far better tone at the summer 2021 NATO summit than there was in the previous administrations. Big questions remain over whether Europeans will develop greater strategic autonomy and whether the United States will truly embrace such an effort.",5,Positive,"There is much goodwill currently on both sides for getting to work to address trade issues, but there is a tension in the Biden approach, with a ""foreign policy for the middle class"" potentially working at cross-purposes with a desire to keep improving relations with allies.",5,Neutral,7,Positive,5,Neutral,4,Positive,2,Negative,6,Positive,Neutral,"Lacking competencies on this issue, the EU could not have been expected to perform well on vaccine distribution, but the bumpy road will increase frustration among populations with the EU as well as with their own governments. The much greater success in the United Kingdom on vaccines in the aftermath of Brexit takes away a major EU talking point about the virtues of Union membership.",,,Disagree,I think the incentives to rebuild a nuclear agreement are sufficiently high among all parties that they will find a way to get to yes again. ,Strongly Agree,"China's growing pattern of bullying behavior suggests a regime that does not realize it is overplaying its hand. There is growing hawkishness in Europe toward China, which will find a receptive audience in Washington.",Neutral,"Nord Stream 2 is definitely a challenge to be managed in the trans-Atlantic relationship, as well as within Europe and between the United States and Germany specifically, but there are lots of incentives to compartmentalize it as a nagging problem rather than an issue that will harm the overall efforts to maintain a strong response to Russian aggression. "
Constanze Stelzenmüller,https://www.brookings.edu/experts/constanze-stelzenmuller/,6,Positive,"The mood music is certainly better than during the Trump administration — but that's a low bar. The Biden administration is bending over backwards currently to accommodate Europeans, and the Europeans — particularly the Germans — are not doing anything comparable. Time is short; they are capable of missing the window.",6,Positive,"The Biden administration and the Europeans need early deliverables from each other to make their case that the relationship remains valuable to both sides. So far, we're seeing more obstacles than tangible results.",6,Neutral,"Beijing and Moscow are now clearly both intent on testing trans-Atlantic and European cohesion at the same time — the one with countersanctions, the other with ratcheting up conflict in Eastern Ukraine. It is still unclear whether the United States and Europe will be able to find common positions.  ",5,Neutral,"It's still not clear where U.S.-European economic relations will go. The Biden administration has explicit protectionist interests, and the potential conflicts go well beyond trade & tariffs: digital, fintech, corporate taxation, etc.",6,Positive,7,Negative,7,Positive,3,Negative,3,Negative,7,Positive,Neutral,"I'm neutral on this one because I'm not sold on the proposition that the *only* way to address vaccine supply in a pandemic is by giving the EU that authority, which it currently does not have. But we *can* say two things: European capitals were unable to address the problem adequately, and the European Commission was unable to deploy the persuasive power to nudge them into coordination.",Agree,"I'm not a Turkey expert, but none of these actions appear to come from a place of strength, much less authority or legitimacy. My question is whether the United States and Europe are really deploying all available leverage to change Turkish behavior.",Neutral,"I'm neutral on this. It could be an impediment, but I am more concerned that different goals and approaches between the Biden administration and European capitals prevent a joint approach. If we arrive at a trans-Atlantic understanding (which in my view would have to include Iranian missiles and regional activities, including patronage of terrorism), the Chinese-Iranian pact is less of an obstacle.",Agree,Yes — because there is a rising concern about increasing Chinese assertiveness overall; Beijing's overreaction on sanctions is only part of a much larger phenomenon.,Agree,"The German govenment and the Biden administration are in a neat double trap (in Berrlin's case, self-inflicted). The default setting (completion and sanctions) would be a short-term win for its critics, and a long-term win for the Kremlin and its allies. There are pragmatic solutions, but the hurdles to getting there may be too high for all sides. "
Ted Piccone,https://www.brookings.edu/experts/ted-piccone/,5,Positive,"As anticipated, the overall tone of trans-Atlantic relations has improved with the start of the EU- and NATO-friendly Biden administration. The common (if not coordinated) turn away from China in the face of Beijing's exaggerated response to condemnation of its treatment of Uyghurs signals an awakening of the perception of China as a menace. The slow and rocky rollout of the vaccine in Europe, however, in contrast to accelerating gains in the United States, could portend mismatched trajectories to some normality, with Europe falling further behind and slowing down renewed relations.",6,Positive,,5,Positive,,4,Neutral,,5,Positive,5,Positive,4,Neutral,3,Negative,2,Negative,5,Positive,Agree,"The continued lack of coordination among EU member states on lockdowns, travel, testing, and vaccines is hindering a return to normal. The persistent questions about the quality of the Astra Zeneca vaccine hasn't helped either.",Agree,,Neutral,,Agree,Europeans were already turning more skeptical toward China's more aggressive behavior at home and abroad. Chinese sanctions against MEPs across the political spectrum at a time when they needed EP support for the new trade deal was highly counterproductive and will likely derail progress for some time to come.,Neutral,
Jeremy Shapiro,https://www.brookings.edu/experts/jeremy-shapiro/,6,Positive,"It is amazing what a difference having an American president who thinks Europe is not worse than China makes to U.S.-European relations. Who knew? U.S.-European disputes remain as always, but they are now within normal parameters.",6,Positive,"On Secretary of State Tony Blinken's first trip to Europe, you could really see how much European officials appreciated meeting with a U.S. envoy that understands and appreciates the EU, and even speaks some European languages (such as English). At the same time, European officials are beginning to notice that, while the new administration says all the right words, it doesn't really seem very interested in Europe beyond the speeches and press conferences.",6,Positive,"Europeans appreciated the Biden administration's early decision to halt Trump's withdrawal of troops from Germany and its strong rhetorical recommitment to European security. They are nonetheless struggling to get into U.S. decisionmaking processes on Iran, Afghanistan, and other global issues on which an understaffed administration is at best difficult to access, at worst uninterested in European opinions. ",5,Positive,"The United States and Europe still face very difficult economic issues around privacy, anti-trust, and digital taxation. These issues will no doubt persist and involve long, painstaking negotiations that will probably last at least into Kamala Harris's second term.  But they now have a solid political framework in which to fight over these tough economic issues without  harming the overall relationship. That's a big improvement.",6,Positive,5,Positive,5,Neutral,3,Neutral,2,Negative,6,Positive,Agree,"The EU's governance model, like any model, is good at some things, bad at others. The EU's strength as well as its weakness is that it is more technocratic and more politically insulated than most governments. That's often an advantage in avoiding the more populist winds of fashion, but a crisis of this magnitude requires a deeply political response that responds to people's fears, not one that worries about technocratic ""details"" such as liability and fair pricing. ",Agree,"I have been predicting a financial crisis in Turkey for over five years. Eventually, I'm sure I'll be right — and this could be the year. You heard it here first.",Neutral,I find the U.S.-Iranian nuclear talks' likely failure (or at least non-success) to be overdetermined so I'm not sure what difference the Iran-China investment pact will make.,Agree,Recent Chinese behavior does encourage a more common trans-Atlantic approach but regardless the achievements of that common approach are likely to be modest and mostly declaratory.,Disagree,"Nord Stream 2 is a fake trans-Atlantic issue, which is to say it is an issue between the U.S. Congress and the German government rather than between the executives. The Biden administration will find a way to finesse it without imperiling essential cooperation on Russia."
Steven Pifer,https://www.brookings.edu/experts/steven-pifer/,6,Neutral,"Joe Biden now sits in the White House, and both Washington and Europe want to revive a trans-Atlantic relationship that suffered under Donald Trump. The relationship has further potential to improve, though the Biden administration needs to get its full team in place, and the two sides will have deal with some potentially tricky issues, such as Nord Stream 2.",6,Positive,Good vibes on both sides of the Atlantic. What needs to happen now are some actual agreements that show that the relationship can deliver.,6,Positive,"The Biden administration's decision to suspend Trump's order to draw down forces in Germany pending a review indicates a more serious approach to European security. Europe welcomes the U.S. bid to return to the JCPOA with Iran and has positive expectations for the Biden administration's security policy, including a revitalization of efforts to control and reduce nuclear arms. If Russia's saber-rattling around Ukraine leads European countries to maintain their commitments to raise defense spending, that will help manage the 2% issue.",5,Neutral,"The mutual decision to suspend retaliatory tariffs over Boeing and Airbus shows the sides want to get off to a good start. The question is whether they can go beyond that to resolve other trade questions. Nord Stream 2, if Washington begins to sanction German and/or other European countries, looms as a problematic issue for both U.S.-German relations and U.S.-EU relations, given EU opposition to extraterritorial application of U.S. sanctions.",6,Neutral,6,Positive,6,Neutral,3,Negative,2,Neutral,5,Positive,Disagree,"The problem is not so much distributing vaccine as it was the EU's slow negotiation for vaccines, as it sought to save what looks to be about $5 per dose.  While the EU was negotiating, the United States, United Kingdom, and others were signing delivery contracts, leaving the EU further back in the queue.",Agree,,Neutral,"It has economic potential for Iran and thus might affect Tehran's calculations, but that potential only gets realized in the longer term. If Iran wants quick sanctions relief, Iran and the United States have to get back to the JCPOA.",Agree,,Neutral,"It depends primarily on Washington and Berlin. If the United States ends up sanctioning German and/or European companies over Nord Stream 2, it will be a significant impediment. If, however, Washington and Berlin can work out a settlement that avoids U.S. sanctions on German or European companies, Nord Stream 2 would not become an impediment.  "
James Kirchick,https://www.brookings.edu/experts/james-kirchick/,6,Negative,Sharp disagreements over Nord Stream are putting a damper on the hoped-for post-Trump bump in U.S.-European relations.,6,Negative,,7,Positive,,5,Negative,,6,Negative,5,Neutral,6,Neutral,,,3,Negative,6,Neutral,Agree,,Agree,,Agree,,Disagree,,Strongly Agree,
Angela Stent,https://www.brookings.edu/experts/angela-stent/,7,Positive,The Biden administration is continuing to make every effort to reach out to Europe and improve the battered legacy that Trump left. So far the response has been largely positive.,8,Positive,"Since Biden's Munich speech and Blinken's recent trip to Europe, political differences seem to be diminishing on many, but certainly not all, issues.",8,Positive,The United States has recommitted to NATO and has considerably assuaged European fears of a possible U.S. withdrawal.,6,Neutral,,7,Positive,7,Positive,7,Positive,6,Neutral,1,Negative,7,Positive,Agree,"The EU has no coherent plan seemingly, and each country appears to be going its own way; i.e. Hungary is now using Sputnik V while other EU countries are very skeptical about the Russian vaccine.",Agree,,Neutral,,Disagree,"Some European countries such as Germany, Hungary, and others, are much more in favor of engagement with China than is the current policy of the Biden administration.",Agree,"The U.S.-German relationship will not improve to the point of having a common policy on Russia if the Biden administration insists on trying to prevent the completion of the pipeline. Europe remains sharply divided both over Nord Stream 2 and on policy toward Russia. If the EU itself is unable to agree on a common Ostpolitik, the there can be no trans-Atlantic cohesive policy toward Russia."
Giovanna de Maio,https://www.brookings.edu/experts/giovanna-de-maio/,4,Neutral,"While Joe Biden's administration has repeatedly and positively engaged in dialogue with allies, concrete steps are yet to be taken.",5,Neutral,"So far, the United States and Europe are going their separate ways on vaccine/management of the pandemic, as well as on dealing with China and Russia.",5,Positive,"The NATO summit of last March sent good signals on revitalizing security ties between the United States and Europe. Some European countries, like Germany, are also ready to offer support to the United States in the Indo-Pacific region. ",3,Neutral,No particular improvement has been registered in the last quarter; the travel ban to and from the Schengen area is still in place and that limits the circulation of people — including transatlantic workers — and this creates uncertainty for business as well. The U.S. administration's fierce opposition to Nord Stream 2 creates tensions also on the economic front. ,4,Neutral,6,Positive,7,Positive,4,Negative,2,Negative,5,Positive,Strongly Disagree,"Vaccine procurement and more broadly ""health"" are not a competence of the EU and therefore have nothing to do with ""the European model,"" which refers to EU institutions and governance. Moreover, the rollout itself is completely up to the member states. The vaccine procurement has not gone well for the EU for a number of reasons, and there are tangible chances of the rise of Euroskepticism in the near future. If this sentiment is reflected in political leadership across Europe, then it could harm the integration process.  ",Disagree,,Neutral,,Agree,"It is still quite unclear whether or not the United States sees the EU as a crucial piece of its China strategy. Regardless, after COVID-19, Europe has adopted a more skeptical approach toward Chinese economic presence on European territory and has spoken even more vocally on human rights violations. Such common ground can make the EU and United States naturally aligned on this, although it is unclear whether there will be a shared strategy. ",Disagree,"NS2 is a contested issue between EU member states as well, which have different geopolitical sensitivities toward Moscow. While NS2 does raise tensions, Russia is increasingly challenging the West on security matters, from espionage activities in Bulgaria, Netherlands, and Italy, to military pressure on the border with Ukraine. The gravity of such actions will overcome the tensions over NS2. "
Pavel K. Baev,https://www.brookings.edu/experts/pavel-k-baev/,6,Positive,"The Biden administration has taken a good start in restoring cooperation, but much sustained attention is needed.",6,Positive,"Political ties are the easiest to rehabilitate, but the substance of U.S. leadership needs to be developed and communicated. ",6,Positive,"The crisis in Ukraine constitutes a test (set deliberately by Russia) for NATO cohesion and solidarity, and in the course of the initial escalation, the Alliance has passed it.",5,Neutral,"Economic trends in United States and European Union are significantly different, and Biden's policy leaves Europe further behind, so disagreements might come up. ",6,Positive,5,Positive,5,Neutral,4,Positive,2,Negative,5,Positive,Agree,"The intensity of the health crisis is strikingly different among the EU member states, and the bureaucracy is slow in responding to the fast-changing situation and reluctant to admit mistakes.",Agree,"In managing the protracted and evolving domestic crisis, Erdoğan has been inconsistent, erroneous, and erratic.",Disagree,"Iran becomes less vulnerable and more confident, which is not necessarily a bad thing.",Strongly Agree,"China has made it plain clear for the Europeans that they cannot stay ""neutral"" in the maturing global confrontation.",Disagree,"The issue is set to be resolved in a few months, and the impact will be limited."
Carlo Bastasin,https://www.brookings.edu/experts/carlo-bastasin/,6,Positive,"There are several meaningful signs of realignment of U.S. and European interests. Although President Biden has taken part in the last European Council and announced that ""America is back,"" it remains uncertain in which forum the leaders will meet to deepen their renewed cooperation. The rhetoric has completely changed since November, but it is still to be tested in the relations with China and Russia.",7,Positive,"The U.S. administration has come dramatically closer to Europe's agenda in some of its most important political items: climate change, inequality and tax competition among others, indicating a similar ideological inclination. It is still to be seen whether Europe has a sufficient political capacity to make the convergence reciprocally fruitful. ",5,Neutral,"The real scope of the realignment in still uncertain. Biden's speech at the Munich Security Conference has been extremely well received in Europe. The first signs of reengagement in the Libyan theatre are significant. Much of the problem lies with Europe being far from having a solid and consequent strategy. Brexit must still be digested, while Turkey and Russia are becoming more aggressive and the EU has not adequately responded yet.",6,Neutral,"The policy responses are not synchronic. While in 2020, the two fiscal supports were of comparable size, in 2021, the U.S. support is much stronger than the European one. The ideas behind political economy are dissimilar across the Atlantic. Trade issues have yet to be tested as well. Secretary Yellen's first proposals on taxation go in the Franco-German-Italian direction but may be divisive for other European states (United Kingdom; Ireland; Austria; Luxembourg).  ",8,Neutral,8,Positive,6,Negative,,,,,8,Positive,Agree,"The EU was hindered by the lack of an emergency budget of adequate size for the purchase of vaccines. Consequently, the EU Commission requested that member states anticipate providing further funds. Some of them resisted, not knowing if the vaccines worked. The weak federal structure made the process far too long. Some bad luck (AZ dysfunctional plants and Sanofi's failure) added to the problems. ",,,,,,,Neutral,"More than a significant impediment, it will be a relevant opportunity to converge on both foreign strategy and energy policy "
Nicholas Danforth,https://www.brookings.edu/author/nicholas-danforth/,5,Positive,"NATO's March ministerial meeting showed that the trans-Atlantic desire to restore faith in the relationship remains strong. While more trouble can certainly be expected over Nord Stream 2, this should not distract from the positive picture overall. ",6,Positive,,6,Positive,,4,Neutral,,4,Neutral,5,Positive,5,Positive,3,Neutral,2,Negative,5,Positive,Disagree,,Agree,"Strongly agree overall, although from Erdoğan's point of view, if these moves deliver economic benefits to and political support from the right people, they may still help him stay in power. ",Disagree,,Neutral,,Agree,
Alina Polyakova,https://www.brookings.edu/author/alina-polyakova/,6,Positive,New engagement from the Biden administration on China and tech policy is leading to an improvement in relations but there are many issues around trade in particular that will continue to be a challenge. ,7,Positive,,6,Positive,The decision to stop the troop withdrawal from Germany has been a positive development. ,5,Positive,"The desire to improve trade relations is there from the Biden administration, but so far, there has not been resolution on key issues such as Privacy Shield and the digital tax.",6,Positive,6,Positive,6,Positive,5,Neutral,3,Negative,6,Positive,Agree,The EU's failures on vaccine procurement and distribution show the limits of EU capabilities: procurement and nimble crisis management are not its strengths.,Neutral,,Disagree,,Agree,,Disagree,
Norman Eisen,https://www.brookings.edu/experts/norman-eisen/,6,Positive,"On the top priority issues, from fighting illiberalism to climate to Iran to dealing with Russia and China, the United States is positively re-engaging with our European allies. We now await more concrete results.",5,Positive,"Biden, Blinken, Sullivan, and team are familiar and welcome expert Europe hands. They're complemented by bipartisan pro-European majorities in Congress. ",5,Positive,,5,Positive,,5,Positive,5,Positive,5,Positive,3,Neutral,2,Neutral,5,Positive,Strongly Agree,,Agree,,Disagree,,Agree,,Disagree,
Célia Belin,https://www.brookings.edu/experts/celia-belin/,7,Positive,"""America is back, the trans-Atlantic alliance is back,"" said Joe Biden at the 2021 Munich Security Conference. Europeans have expressed satisfaction at the return of what they view as a constructive partner in Washington. Since taking over, the new U.S. administration has been careful to brief Europeans ahead of major summits, and has repeatedly reaffirmed its ambition to ""cooperate"" with Europe, while the EU has hosted the President and Secretary of State in joint sessions. So far, the return to diplomacy has translated into a limited number of initiatives (COVAX, coordinated sanctions against Russia and China). Indeed, the United States does not appear to have clearly stated their objectives vis-à-vis Europe itself, and both sides remain mainly focused on getting the COVID crisis under control, through a successful vaccine rollout. ",6,Neutral,"The U.S.'s renewed focus on democracy, human rights, climate, and inclusive recovery are all welcome developments for Europe. In the long term, all elements point to productive political relations on the horizon. However, in the short- to medium-term, the COVID crisis continues to generate flashpoints: vaccine nationalism is generating accusations of incompetence and/or selfishness, while many worry about the long-term effect of COVID-related protectionism on trade, exchanges, and prosperity. So far, travel restrictions between the United States and Europe have not been lifted. Brexit also brings along its set of challenges: the United States should refrain from playing the United Kingdom against the EU, as it would have a negative effect on the trans-Atlantic link. ",7,Neutral,"U.S. commitment to alliances is front and center again, as reaffirmed by the president, the Secretary of State, and the Secretary of Defense. For now, European strategic autonomy debates have receded into the background. On China, assessments on both sides of the Atlantic are converging, as Europeans become more hawkish, especially after the imposition by China of retaliatory sanctions, and while both develop an Indo-Pacific strategy. Russia could become a flashpoint again, as tensions ratchet up in Ukraine and Americans seek to solve the Nord Stream 2 conundrum. Frustrations mount with regards to pullout of U.S. troops from Afghanistan, if they are not coordinated with allies.",7,Positive,"Understandably, both the United States and Europe are completely focused on the domestic front for now, working on a successful vaccine rollout and a post-COVID recovery. Europe is looking at the U.S. massive injection of money in the economy with interest, hoping it will generate benefits on both sides. The decoupling of the past years take time to unravel: trans-Atlantic travel remains extremely limited, some Trump-era tariffs are still in place, and the digital services tax dispute remains an open question. But there are many positive signs: retaliatory tariffs imposed in the Airbus and Boeing disputes have been suspended, and the United States appears now open to a minimal global corporate tax.",6,Neutral,7,Neutral,8,Neutral,3,Neutral,2,Negative,7,Positive,Disagree,"As public health was a competency of member states at the start of the crisis, the EU was slow to negotiate contracts with vaccine manufacturers, and member states failed to inject as much money into research as the United States did. The block was also unlucky with production delays from AstraZeneca and other failed pharmaceutical investments, which is why it seemed at first to strengthen the case for Brexit and U.S. protectionism, instead of the European governance model. But, as often, the crisis revealed the EU's short-term weaknesses and failures to act quickly,  but also its long-term strength of solidarity among member states. The EU remains a block in progress, and each crisis makes it stronger.",Agree,President Erdoğan's authoritarian turn will continue to worry investors.,Neutral,"Nuclear negotiations between Iran, Europe, and the United States are difficult to jump-start in any case. ",Agree,"Chinese sanctions have reinforced Europeans who are critical of China, in particular on the human rights front. European opposition to the investment treaty with China is likely to increase. However, many Europeans are also worried to be stuck in the confrontation between the United States and China, and would like to carve a third way. For the moment, a ""common transatlantic approach to China"" will mainly focus on denouncing human rights abuses jointly.",Disagree,"There are already significant divergences within Europe over Nord Stream 2 (many European governments oppose it) and Russia policy (i.e. Macron's dialogue), which the United states might be able to exploit to its advantage. However, so far, outside of NS2, the United States and Europe have not been coordinating closely on Navalny or Ukraine."
Thomas Wright,https://www.brookings.edu/experts/thomas-wright/,6,Positive,"The Biden administration is engaging with Europe on multiple fronts and is being enthusiastically received. The one concern that could build over time is whether the administration sees Europe as a top priority and has a vision for what it wants in Europe, not just from Europe. ",7,Positive,"Engagement, engagement, engagement. ",5,Positive,"Positive, but a little less progress here than on the political and economic side. U.S. and European leaders spoke past each other at Munich, and there has been little change so far from the Obama years. ",6,Positive,Everyone is still trying to figure out what a foreign policy for the middle class means in concrete terms but it is coming into focus and the lifting of the tariffs was a positive step. ,7,Positive,6,Positive,6,Positive,4,Positive,3,Negative,5,Neutral,Agree,The European Commission lacked the authority to spend more money and the political capital to go into business with big pharma in a serious way. This was the core of the problem. That and the fact that they saw the whole task through a trade lens. ,Agree,,Disagree,It was already extremely difficult. ,Agree,,Neutral,
Torrey Taussig,https://www.brookings.edu/experts/torrey-taussig/,6,Positive,"The Biden administration's early outreach to European partners — including President Biden's speech at the Munich Security Conference and Secretary Blinken's trip to Brussels — highlight the value the administration places on allies, partners and on the trans-Atlantic relationship. Now comes the hard part of working through thorny issues such as Nord Stream 2, digital taxation, and China policy. ",7,Positive,,7,Positive,"The Biden administration's initial strong statements on NATO and meetings with NATO and European leaders show that the U.S. is fully committed to the Alliance and to Article 5. While this may seem like a low bar of cohesion, these early pronouncements were needed to begin rebuilding trust following the Trump administration. ",5,Positive,,5,Negative,5,Neutral,7,Positive,4,Negative,2,Negative,8,Positive,,,,,,,Strongly Agree,"China's sanctions will amplify the negative views that many European policymakers and officials already have of Beijing's engagement in Europe. A trans-Atlantic agenda on China looks increasingly likely, given Beijing's disinformation efforts throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, removal of democratic freedoms in Hong Kong, and systemic repression of the Uighurs in Xinjiang.",Agree,The Nord Stream 2 pipeline highlights key differences in how Washington and Europe aim to counter Russia's destabilizing and aggressive foreign policies. The Biden administration has limited options that will satisfy Congress without further damaging U.S.-Europe relations. This conundrum leaves little room for building trans-Atlantic cohesion on Russia. 
Rachel Rizzo,https://www.brookings.edu/author/rachel-rizzo/,6,Positive,"With the new Biden administration, both sides have an opportunity to come to the table and repair a relationship that was so damaged over the last four years. I think it's important, though, to realize that this is not an automatic fix. While there are many issues on which the two sides will find renewed opportunities for cooperation, there are still issues that will create friction. I'd put China and Nordstream 2 (even though that's more focused specifically on Germany) on top of that ""issue"" list. ",6,Positive,,6,Positive,"I think the fact that Secretary Austin's first call was to Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg sends the exact message that the Biden administration is hoping to send in terms of transatlantic security cooperation. Europe has a real opportunity right now that it must seize: with a pro-NATO and pro-European U.S. president in office, Europe needs to continue to deliver on its security commitments. It needs to prove to America that we can lay off on the continued push for more spending, and they'll still deliver even without constant pressure. ",5,Neutral,"I think economic relations will rely very heavily on what ends up happening with the CAI. While that agreement is looking like it'll hit some roadblocks, it still has the potential to create frustrations on the U.S. side. Secretary Blinken has made it clear that the United States won't force Europe into an ""us or them"" situation regarding China but what that comment looks like in practice is yet to be seen. The Airbus/Boeing temporary resolution is a positive step, so let's hope that turns into a more permanent solution at the end of the four month timeframe. ",5,Negative,6,Positive,6,Positive,4,Neutral,3,Neutral,5,Positive,Agree,"I think there are two sides of this coin. The overall European governance model is a success, but this COVID-19 vaccine fiasco does illustrate some of the weaknesses of the system. I do think ""fiasco"" is the only word to describe what's happening — this particular situation will haunt the EU for years to come. Hopefully it opens up some serious conversations about bureaucracy, the overall strategy of the European Union as an independent financial actor, and how to marry up differences in economic approach between powerful countries like Germany and some of the economically weaker southern countries.  ",Agree,,Neutral,,Neutral,"I think it depends — it might bring the Europeans and Americans closer together on some issues and allow us to deepen certain types of cooperation, but this doesn't make all the other difficult challenges disappear. Issues like tech, 5G, investments, etc... will still be there, and we'll still have to figure those out. ",Agree,"Yes, I do think it will create a significant impediment for developing a cohesive approach to Russia. It's also created fissures on an EU level as well. However, I think, perhaps more importantly, this could create an impediment to the United States and Europe repairing the broader relationship. Even worse, it could actually derail it before healing even starts. My personal opinion is that the United States needs to accept the fact that Nord Stream 2 is happening and work on gaining concessions from Germany. However, with the announcement of the Biden administration creating an envoy position specifically for Nord Stream 2, it doesn't seem like that's going to happen. "
Kemal Kirişci,https://www.brookings.edu/experts/kemal-kirisci/,8,Positive,"With the arrival of the Biden administration, there is as expected a marked improvement in U.S.-European relations as consultations and convergence on a wide range of issues have taken off, even if there remains a list of issues over which sides do not yet see eye-to-eye.",7,Positive,"Biden and his cabinet have energetically engaged their European counterparts as soon as they took office with the slogan ""America is back,"" and coordination on climate, Russia, China, and NATO has improved in a visible manner, but important differences on Nord Stream 2 and China persist.",8,Positive,"President Biden and members of his administration have made their commitment  to collective defense through NATO quite clear, though with the perhaps ""Trumpian"" expectation that members meet their budgetary commitments, and cooperation on conventional as well as non-conventional threats to European security.",7,Positive,The decisions to suspend retaliatory tariffs resulting from the Boeing-Airbus dispute settlement and adopt new quotas for agricultural trade suggest a readiness to improve economic relations.,7,Positive,7,Positive,7,Positive,4,Neutral,3,Neutral,7,Positive,Neutral,This is a new and unexpected area of competence that the EU as a supranational entity has taken on given the particular circumstances created by COVID. Complications/setbacks are not surprising.,Agree,"The damage on the economy is starkly reflected in the constant erosion of the value of the Turkish national currency against the dollar and the euro, but the issue of domestic support is more complicated and cuts both ways — in the sense of rallying the ranks of the supporters of the government while complicating the hand of the opposition, especially in an environment where the public does not have access to open debate.",,,Agree,"It is weakening the hand of those actors in Europe who advocate for economic relations with China and gives the European Parliament, as voice of the European electorate, a stronger voice.",Agree,This is one issue area that is likely to remain the toughest one to overcome in trans-Atlantic relations given the opposing economic and geo-political stakes of the parties involved.
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