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.EntitledRecommendationsModal .btn-arrow-left .btn-text { margin: 0px 3px; }
.EntitledRecommendationsModal .btn-arrow-left:hover { text-decoration: underline; color: rgb(233, 113, 28); cursor: pointer; }
.EntitledRecommendationsModal .btn-arrow-left:disabled { color: rgb(115, 115, 115); cursor: default; text-decoration: none; }
.EntitledRecommendationsModal .btn-arrow-left::before { position: absolute; top: 100%; left: 4px; border-style: solid; border-right: 11px solid transparent; border-bottom: 11px solid transparent; border-left: 11px solid transparent; -moz-border-top-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; border-image: none; border-width: 11px; border-top-color: inherit; width: 0px; height: 0px; content: " "; pointer-events: none; }
.EntitledRecommendationsModal .btn-arrow-left::after { position: absolute; top: 98%; left: 4px; margin-left: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255) transparent transparent; -moz-border-top-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; border-image: none; border-width: 10px; width: 0px; height: 0px; content: " "; pointer-events: none; }
.EntitledRecommendationsModal .icon-pdf { vertical-align: middle; margin-right: 8px; background-size: 16px auto; height: 16px; width: 16px; margin-top: -1px; }
.EntitledRecommendationsModal .close { position: absolute; top: 16px; right: 16px; color: rgb(0, 115, 152); background-color: transparent; cursor: pointer; border: 0px none; padding: 0px; }
.EntitledRecommendationsModal .journal-advert-label { float: right; padding-right: 20px; font-size: 10px; }
@media screen and (max-width: 599px) {
  .EntitledRecommendationsModal { padding-bottom: 16px; }
  .EntitledRecommendationsModal .modal-header h1 { width: 80%; }
  .EntitledRecommendationsModal .modal-content { margin-top: 16px; }
  .EntitledRecommendationsModal .journal-advert-container { display: none; }
}
@media screen and (min-width: 600px) and (max-width: 1023px) {
  .EntitledRecommendationsModal .journal-advert-container { display: none; }
}
@media screen and (min-width: 1024px) and (max-width: 1199px) {
  .EntitledRecommendationsModal { min-width: 812px; }
  .EntitledRecommendationsModal .modal-header { padding-top: 16px; }
}
@media screen and (min-width: 1200px) {
  .EntitledRecommendationsModal { min-width: 812px; }
  .EntitledRecommendationsModal .modal-header { padding-top: 16px; }
}
.EntitledRecommendationsModal .modal-footer { margin-bottom: -16px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(201, 201, 201); padding-top: 16px; line-height: 22px; box-sizing: border-box; }
@media screen and (max-width: 599px) {
  .EntitledRecommendationsModal .modal-footer { margin: 0px; }
}
.PdfPreview .pdf-preview-heading { font-size: 20px; font-weight: 400; margin-top: 20px; margin-bottom: 20px; }
.PdfPreview .image-pdf-preview-link { display: inline-block; width: 100%; }
.PdfPreview .image-pdf-preview-link img { width: 100%; }
.PdfPreview .image-pdf-preview-link:hover { text-decoration: none; }
.PdfPreview .image-pdf-preview-link:hover .preview-link-text { color: rgb(0, 115, 152); text-decoration: none; }
.PdfPreview .image-pdf-preview-link:hover .preview-link-text:hover { color: rgb(233, 113, 28); text-decoration: underline; }
.PdfPreview .preview-link-text { margin: 20px 0px; }
.PdfPreview .image-preview-container { display: block; border: 1px solid rgb(235, 235, 235); position: relative; z-index: 0; }
.PdfPreview .image-preview-container:hover .first-page-hover-overlay { display: block; }
.PdfPreview .first-page-hover-overlay { display: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 0px; right: 0px; bottom: 0px; height: 100%; width: 100%; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255, 0.8); }
.PdfPreview .first-page-overlay-content { position: absolute; top: 50%; left: 50%; transform: translate(-50%, -50%); color: rgb(0, 115, 152); text-decoration: none; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 700; max-width: 230px; white-space: nowrap; }
.PdfPreview .first-page-overlay-content:hover { text-decoration: underline; }
.PdfPreview .svg-search { background: transparent url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=UTF-8,<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" height=\"24\" width=\"27\" viewBox=\"0 0 27 24\" id=\"search\" y=\"40\"><path fill=\"%236c9d31\" d=\"M11.3 4.62a5.683 5.683 0 0 0-5.688 5.687c0 3.144 2.543 5.718 5.687 5.718 1.264 0 2.428-.426 3.374-1.125l5 3.437.03.03a1.5 1.5 0 0 0 2.375-1.22c0-.516-.256-.98-.655-1.25l-4.875-3.374a5.68 5.68 0 0 0 .436-2.218A5.683 5.683 0 0 0 11.3 4.62zm.03 1.906c2.143 0 3.906 1.732 3.906 3.875s-1.763 3.876-3.906 3.876c-2.143 0-3.875-1.732-3.875-3.875s1.732-3.874 3.875-3.874z\"/></svg>") repeat scroll 0% 0% / cover ; }
.PageDivider { margin-bottom: 24px; border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(235, 235, 235); }
.LicenseInfo { margin-bottom: 2px; font-size: 13px; line-height: 25px; }
.LicenseInfo .License { display: inline-block; }
.LicenseInfo .OpenAccessLabel { float: right; }
.Workspace { position: fixed; top: 96px; right: 8px; bottom: 8px; width: 25%; font-size: 13px; min-width: 300px; z-index: 10; }
@media screen and (max-width: 767px) {
  .Workspace { max-height: 50%; top: auto; width: 100%; bottom: 0px; right: 0px; left: 0px; overflow-y: auto; }
}
.Workspace .content { position: relative; background-color: rgb(245, 245, 245); padding: 16px 16px 32px; width: 100%; height: 100%; overflow-y: auto; }
.Workspace.workspace-enter-active .content { animation: 0.35s ease 0s normal none 1 running swipeIn; }
@media screen and (max-width: 1023px) {
  .Workspace.workspace-enter-active .content { animation: 0.35s ease 0s normal none 1 running swipeUp; }
}
.Workspace.workspace-leave-active .content { animation: 0.35s ease 0s normal none 1 running swipeOut; }
@media screen and (max-width: 1023px) {
  .Workspace.workspace-leave-active .content { animation: 0.35s ease 0s normal none 1 running swipeDown; }
}
.Workspace button { border: 0px none; padding: 2px 2px 0px; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; cursor: pointer; color: rgb(0, 115, 152); }
.Workspace .header { text-align: right; }
.Workspace .nav { display: table; width: 100%; line-height: 3em; }
.Workspace .nav > div { display: table-cell; width: 50%; }
.Workspace .nav > div:nth-child(2) { text-align: right; }
.Workspace .nav button { line-height: 1.5em; color: rgb(0, 115, 152); font-size: 13px; }
.Workspace .nav button:first-child { margin-left: -5px; padding-left: 5px; }
.Workspace .nav button:nth-child(2) { padding-right: 0px; }
.Workspace .nav button:hover { color: rgb(233, 113, 28); }
.Workspace h2 { color: rgb(115, 115, 115); }
.Workspace .note { line-height: 1.5em; }
.Toolbar { width: 100%; border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(235, 235, 235); }
.Toolbar .container { max-width: 1440px; overflow: hidden; margin: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); padding-top: 10px; padding-bottom: 8px; }
.Toolbar .QuickSearch { margin-right: 8px; }
.Toolbar .ExportCitation, .Toolbar .PdfDownloadButton { display: inline-block; }
@media screen and (max-width: 599px) {
  .Toolbar { text-align: center; }
  .Toolbar .buttons { padding: 0px; float: none; }
}
.QuickSearch .query { display: inline; max-width: 162px; border-color: rgb(201, 201, 201); }
.QuickSearch .Button { cursor: pointer; height: 32px; width: 32px; margin: 0px 8px; background: rgb(108, 157, 49) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: 32px; }
.QuickSearch .Button .icon-search { height: 20px; fill: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: -5px; }
.QuickSearch .advanced-search-link { font-size: 13px; vertical-align: bottom; display: inline-block; line-height: 16px; }
.QuickSearch input { color: rgb(80, 80, 80); }
.QuickSearch :-moz-placeholder, .QuickSearch *::-moz-placeholder { color: rgb(115, 115, 115); font-style: italic; font-size: 14px; opacity: 0.8; }
.Copyright { margin: 32px 0px; font-size: 13px; }
.Keywords .keyword-title { margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 4px; line-height: 28px; font-size: 18px; }
.Keywords .keyword { display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 24px; font-size: 16px; }
.Keywords:not(:last-child) { margin-bottom: 32px; border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(235, 235, 235); padding-bottom: 32px; }
.LoadingSpinner { position: relative; margin: 100px auto; width: 40px; height: 40px; }
.LoadingSpinner .double-bounce1, .LoadingSpinner .double-bounce2 { position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 0px; animation: 2s ease-in-out 0s normal none infinite running sk-bounce; opacity: 0.6; border-radius: 50%; background-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); width: 100%; height: 100%; }
.LoadingSpinner .double-bounce2 { animation-delay: -1s; }
.SidePanelItem { margin-bottom: 16px; }
.SidePanelItem .sub-heading { line-height: 15px; padding-bottom: 4px; }
.SidePanelItem .sub-heading a { display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; max-width: 100%; }
.SidePanelItem .ellipsis { overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap; overflow-wrap: normal; }
.SidePanelItem .icon-pdf { position: relative; top: 4px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 0; background-size: 16px auto; height: 16px; width: 16px; }
.SidePanel { border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(235, 235, 235); line-height: 20px; font-size: 13px; }
@media screen and (max-width: 599px) {
  .SidePanel { margin: 0px 16px; }
}
.SidePanel .side-panel-empty { margin-bottom: 10px; font-size: 14px; }
.SidePanel .arrow-btn { display: inline-block; }
.SidePanel .arrow-btn h2 { line-height: 32px; color: inherit; font-size: 16px; }
.SidePanel .arrow-btn .Icon { margin-left: 8px; float: right; }
.SidePanel .arrow-btn .section-title { transition: color 0.3s ease 0s, border-bottom 0.3s ease 0s; border-bottom: 2px solid transparent; color: rgb(80, 80, 80); }
.SidePanel .arrow-btn:hover .section-title { border-color: rgb(233, 113, 28); color: inherit; }
.SidePanel .buttons > .icon-link { display: inline-block; margin-right: 24px; }
.SidePanel .buttons > .icon-link h2 { display: inline; }
.SidePanel .buttons > .icon-link .Icon { position: relative; top: 2px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 0; }
.SidePanel .buttons > .icon-link:hover span.primary { color: rgb(233, 113, 28); }
.SidePanel .rotated svg { fill: rgb(233, 113, 28); }
.SidePanel .title { margin-left: -16px; padding-left: 16px; line-height: 20px; font-weight: 700; }
.SidePanel .details { padding-top: 16px; line-height: 20px; color: rgb(80, 80, 80); font-size: 13px; }
.SidePanel .details .authors { font-size: 13px; }
.SidePanel .details .detail-title { font-weight: 700; }
.SidePanel .details > .small-grey { color: rgb(115, 115, 115); }
.SidePanel .side-panel-header { position: relative; padding: 8px 0px; margin-right: 0px; }
.SidePanel .side-panel-header * { text-decoration: none; width: 100%; }
.SidePanel .side-panel-header span { line-height: 32px; }
.SidePanel .side-panel-header .Icon { position: absolute; right: 0px; margin: 8px 0px; line-height: 0; }
.SidePanel .view-more-link { display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 15px; }
.SidePanel .view-more-link .Icon { transform: rotate(270deg); margin-left: 8px; line-height: 0; }
.SidePanel .message { margin-bottom: 16px; }
.alert-message-container { border: 1px solid rgb(245, 245, 245); margin-bottom: 10px; padding: 10px 8px; }
.alert-message-container::before { float: left; margin-right: 5px; position: relative; top: -2px; }
.alert-message-body { display: block; font-size: 12px; }
.alert-message-body .IconAlert { vertical-align: middle; height: 24px; width: 24px; }
.Button { color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 15px; line-height: 32px; background-color: rgb(0, 115, 152); border: 0px none; padding: 0px 8px; transition: background-color 0.3s ease 0s, border-color 0.3s ease 0s, color 0.3s ease 0s; }
.Button:active, .Button:focus, .Button:hover { outline: 0px none; background-color: rgb(233, 113, 28); border-color: rgb(233, 113, 28); text-decoration: none; }
.ArrowButton { padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 18px; }
.ArrowButton .icon-chevron-right { margin: 0px 0px 0px 8px; vertical-align: middle; fill: rgb(255, 255, 255); }
.ExportCitation { color: rgb(80, 80, 80); font-size: 14px; }
.ExportCitation .ec-options-container { position: absolute; border: 1px solid rgb(201, 201, 201); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); padding: 16px 32px; line-height: 22px; z-index: 1; text-align: left; margin-top: 4px; }
@media screen and (max-width: 599px) {
  .ExportCitation .ec-options-container { right: 0px; }
}
.ExportCitation fieldset { border: 0px none; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; }
.ExportCitation .ec-btn { display: table-cell; width: 100%; height: 100%; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; }
.ExportCitation .ec-btn-text { padding: 0px 4px; font-size: 12px; }
.ExportCitation .ec-help { float: right; }
.ExportCitation .ec-title { clear: both; font-weight: 700; }
.ExportCitation .ec-subtitle { margin: 16px 0px 6px; font-weight: 700; }
.ExportCitation .ec-heading { margin: 8px 0px 0px; font-weight: 700; font-size: 14px; }
.ExportCitation input:hover { cursor: pointer; }
.ExportCitation .ec-option { margin-left: 8px; }
.ExportCitation .ec-option:hover { cursor: pointer; }
.ExportCitation .ec-btn-save { display: table-cell; border: 1px solid rgb(201, 201, 201); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); padding: 0px 4px; height: 32px; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.5; font-size: 12px; }
.ExportCitation .ec-link { line-height: 18px; font-size: 12px; }
.ExportCitation .ec-submit { margin-top: 16px; }
.ExportCitation .ec-submit:hover { cursor: pointer; }
.ExportCitation .ec-icon { display: inline-block; margin-right: 8px; width: 16px; height: 16px; vertical-align: middle; }
.ExportCitation .ec-export-option { display: table; margin-bottom: 8px; }
.ExportCitationButton { background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0px none; font-size: 14px; padding: 0px 5px; line-height: 32px; cursor: pointer; transition: color 0.3s ease 0s, border-bottom 0.3s ease 0s; }
.ExportCitationButton .icon-navigate-down { fill: rgb(0, 115, 152); height: 18px; width: 18px; margin-bottom: -4px; transition: transform 0.3s ease 0s; }
.ExportCitationButton.is-up .icon-navigate-down { transform: scaleY(-1); }
.ExportCitationButton .label { color: rgb(0, 115, 152); padding: 0px 2px 0px 1px; border-bottom: 2px solid transparent; transition: color 0.3s ease 0s; }
.ExportCitationButton:hover .label { color: rgb(233, 113, 28); text-decoration: underline; }
.ExportCitationButton:hover .icon-navigate-down { fill: rgb(233, 113, 28); }
.WorkspaceAuthor { margin: 13px 0px 13px 24px; line-height: 20px; color: rgb(115, 115, 115); font-size: 13px; }
.WorkspaceAuthor .author-affiliation, .WorkspaceAuthor .author-correspondence, .WorkspaceAuthor .author-correspondences, .WorkspaceAuthor .author-emails, .WorkspaceAuthor .author-urls { margin-top: 16px; }
.WorkspaceAuthor .author-affiliation li, .WorkspaceAuthor .author-correspondence li, .WorkspaceAuthor .author-correspondences li, .WorkspaceAuthor .author-emails li, .WorkspaceAuthor .author-urls li { margin-bottom: 8px; }
.WorkspaceAuthor .author-affiliation svg, .WorkspaceAuthor .author-correspondences svg, .WorkspaceAuthor .author-correspondence svg, .WorkspaceAuthor .author-emails svg, .WorkspaceAuthor .author-urls svg { margin-bottom: -4px; }
.WorkspaceFootnote { padding: 0px 11px; }
.WorkspaceReference { margin: 13px 0px; line-height: 20px; }
.WorkspaceReference [class^="ref-"] { display: block; }
.WorkspaceReference .ref-title { padding: 4px 0px; font-weight: 700; color: rgb(80, 80, 80); }
.DoiLink { line-height: 25px; font-size: 13px; }
.DoiLink .rights-and-content { float: right; }
@media screen and (max-width: 599px) {
  .DoiLink .rights-and-content { float: none; display: block; }
}
.AccessOptions { background-color: rgb(245, 245, 245); margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 16px; padding: 0px 8px 16px; line-height: 24px; }
.AccessOptions .access-options-header { font-size: 16px; padding: 16px 8px 0px; }
.AccessOptions .access-options-row { font-size: 14px; }
@media screen and (max-width: 1180px) {
  .AccessOptions .purchase-or-outward-link { width: 100%; }
}
.AccessOptions .access-options-check-access-section { padding: 16px 8px 0px; }
.AccessOptions .access-options-check-access-section p { padding-bottom: 8px; margin: 0px; }
@media screen and (max-width: 1180px) {
  .AccessOptions .access-options-check-access-section { width: 100%; }
}
@media screen and (max-width: 400px) {
  .AccessOptions .access-options-check-access-section, .AccessOptions .access-options-outward-links-section, .AccessOptions .access-options-purchase-section { width: 100%; }
}
.AccessOptions .access-options-button { height: 32px; line-height: 28px; min-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(0, 115, 152); border: 2px solid rgb(0, 115, 152); display: inline-block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px; text-align: left; transition: background-color 0.3s ease 0s, border-color 0.3s ease 0s, color 0.3s ease 0s; white-space: nowrap; }
.AccessOptions .access-options-button span { font-size: 15px; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration: none; margin: 0px 8px; }
.AccessOptions .access-options-button span + .gizmo-icon { margin-left: 0px; }
.AccessOptions .access-options-button .gizmo-icon { margin: 0px 8px; vertical-align: middle; fill: rgb(255, 255, 255); }
.AccessOptions .access-options-button.is-secondary { background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 174px; min-width: 159px; text-align: center; width: 100%; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; }
@media screen and (max-width: 599px) {
  .AccessOptions .access-options-button.is-secondary { min-width: auto; }
}
.AccessOptions .access-options-button.is-secondary span { color: rgb(51, 51, 51); }
.AccessOptions .access-options-button.btn-purchase { margin-bottom: 16px; }
.AccessOptions .access-options-button.is-secondary:active, .AccessOptions .access-options-button.is-secondary:focus, .AccessOptions .access-options-button.is-secondary:hover, .AccessOptions .access-options-button:active, .AccessOptions .access-options-button:focus, .AccessOptions .access-options-button:hover { background-color: rgb(233, 113, 28); border-color: rgb(233, 113, 28); outline: 0px none; text-decoration: none; }
.AccessOptions .access-options-button.is-secondary:active span, .AccessOptions .access-options-button.is-secondary:focus span, .AccessOptions .access-options-button.is-secondary:hover span, .AccessOptions .access-options-button:active span, .AccessOptions .access-options-button:focus span, .AccessOptions .access-options-button:hover span { color: rgb(255, 255, 255); }
.AccessOptions .access-options-or { padding-bottom: 8px; }
.AccessOptions .access-options-purchase-section { min-width: 160px; max-width: 256px; padding: 16px 8px 0px; }
@media screen and (max-width: 599px) {
  .AccessOptions .access-options-purchase-section { min-width: auto; }
}
.AccessOptions .access-options-outward-links-section { padding: 16px 8px 0px; }
.AccessOptions .access-options-link { padding-bottom: 4px; display: flex; }
.AccessOptions .access-options-link .gizmo-icon { margin-left: -4px; margin-right: 8px; margin-top: 4px; flex: 0 0 auto; }
.AccessOptions .access-options-link-text { flex: 1 1 auto; }
.AccessOptions .gizmo-icon { fill: currentcolor; }
.RelatedContentModal { width: 95%; max-width: 600px; max-height: 100%; padding: 32px 0px 0px; }
@media screen and (max-width: 599px) {
  .RelatedContentModal { padding-bottom: 8px; }
}
.RelatedContentModal .SidePanel { margin: 0px 16px; }
.RelatedContentModal .close { position: absolute; top: 16px; right: 16px; color: rgb(0, 115, 152); background-color: transparent; cursor: pointer; border: 0px none; padding: 0px; }
.RelatedContentLink { margin-right: 24px; display: inline-block; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; vertical-align: text-bottom; }
.RelatedContentLink .related-content-link { cursor: pointer; }
.RelatedContentLink .related-content-link:hover { text-decoration: underline; }
.ViewContent { color: rgb(80, 80, 80); border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(235, 235, 235); padding-bottom: 16px; }
.ViewContent .text { margin-right: 32px; }
.ie9 .CrossmarkModal .close-crossmark-modal { position: relative; top: 0px; right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; }
.CrossmarkModal { height: 521px; width: 550px; max-height: 625px; max-width: 550px; padding: 32px 0px 0px; }
.CrossmarkModal iframe { height: 98%; width: 100%; border: 0px none; }
.CrossmarkModal .close-crossmark-modal { position: absolute; top: 16px; right: 16px; }
@media screen and (max-width: 599px) {
  .CrossmarkModal { width: auto; }
}
.PdfDownloadButton { margin-right: 24px; line-height: 32px; }
.PdfDownloadButton .pdf-download-btn-link { font-size: 14px; padding: 8px 0px; cursor: pointer; }
.PdfDownloadButton .pdf-download-btn-link .Icon, .PdfDownloadButton .pdf-download-btn-link .icon-pdf { margin-bottom: -12px; margin-right: 8px; }
.warning { position: relative; background: rgb(51, 51, 51) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); padding: 16px 48px 0px 16px; }
.warning p { font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 16px; line-height: 18px; }
.warning p a { color: rgb(50, 179, 236); }
.warning-close { font-size: 20px; line-height: 13px; font-family: verdana; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); cursor: pointer; position: absolute; top: 16px; right: 16px; }
.warning-close, .warning-close:hover { text-decoration: none; }
.PdfDropDownMenu { position: absolute; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 1px solid rgb(201, 201, 201); box-shadow: 2px 2px 3px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3); margin-left: 36px; margin-top: 3px; padding: 10px; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px; font-weight: 400; text-align: left; }
.PdfDropDownMenu::before { top: -22px; border-width: 11px; border-style: solid; border-right: 11px solid transparent; border-bottom: 11px solid transparent; border-left: 11px solid transparent; -moz-border-top-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; border-image: none; border-top-color: inherit; }
.PdfDropDownMenu::after, .PdfDropDownMenu::before { position: absolute; left: 32px; width: 0px; height: 0px; content: " "; pointer-events: none; transform: rotate(180deg); }
.PdfDropDownMenu::after { top: -20px; margin-left: 1px; border-width: 10px; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255) transparent transparent; -moz-border-top-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; border-image: none; }
.PdfDropDownMenu .icon-pdf { position: relative; top: 3px; margin-right: 6px; background-size: 16px auto; width: 16px; height: 16px; }
.PdfDropDownMenu a { display: block; margin: 6px 6px 8px 0px; }
.DownloadIssueModal { top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%); max-width: 640px; max-height: 100%; width: 100%; margin: 5% auto; }
.DownloadIssueModal .modal-content { max-height: 90%; }
.DownloadIssueModal .icon-pdf { vertical-align: middle; background-size: 16px auto; height: 16px; width: 16px; margin-top: -1px; }
.DownloadIssueModal .download-container { padding: 32px 32px 40px; }
.DownloadIssueModal .articles-box { overflow-y: auto; max-height: 500px; margin: 12px 0px 0px 16px; }
.DownloadIssueModal .articles-box .article-info { font-size: 14px; margin-left: 25px; margin-top: 16px; }
.DownloadIssueModal .articles-box .article-info .article-info-title { display: inline-block; width: 100%; white-space: nowrap; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; }
.DownloadIssueModal .download-header .download-pdf-selection-button { display: inline-block; position: relative; border: 1px solid rgb(235, 235, 235); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); padding: 4px; height: 32px; overflow: visible; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(0, 115, 152); font-size: 12px; }
.DownloadIssueModal .download-header .download-pdf-selection-button:hover { text-decoration: underline; color: rgb(233, 113, 28); cursor: pointer; }
.DownloadIssueModal .download-header .download-pdf-selection-button::before { position: absolute; top: 100%; left: 8px; border-width: 11px; border-style: solid; border-right: 11px solid transparent; border-bottom: 11px solid transparent; border-left: 11px solid transparent; -moz-border-top-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; border-image: none; border-top-color: inherit; width: 0px; height: 0px; content: " "; pointer-events: none; }
.DownloadIssueModal .download-header .download-pdf-selection-button::after { position: absolute; top: 98%; left: 8px; margin-left: 1px; border-width: 10px; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255) transparent transparent; -moz-border-top-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; border-image: none; width: 0px; height: 0px; content: " "; pointer-events: none; }
.DownloadIssueModal .download-header .download-pdf-selection-button .download-pdf-selection-button-text { margin-left: 5px; }
.DownloadIssueModal .close { position: absolute; top: 16px; right: 16px; color: rgb(0, 115, 152); background-color: transparent; cursor: pointer; border: 0px none; padding: 0px; }
.DownloadIssueModal .sub-type { margin: 4px 0px; font-size: 12px; }
.DownloadIssueModal .sub-type span::after { content: ", "; }
.DownloadIssueModal .sub-type span:last-child::after { content: ""; }
.DownloadIssueModal .sub-type .open-access { color: rgb(255, 153, 51); }
.DownloadIssueModal .main-article-sub-type { font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); display: block; }
.DownloadIssueModal .header-other-articles { color: rgb(119, 119, 119); font-size: 18px; margin: 16px 0px; }
.DownloadIssueModal .article-checkbox { display: block; float: left; margin-left: -25px; cursor: pointer; }
.DownloadIssueModal .authors { color: rgb(92, 92, 92); margin: 4px 0px; font-size: 12px; display: block; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap; width: 100%; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; }
.ExpandingButton { border: 0px none; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 115, 152); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); }
.ExpandingButton:hover { color: rgb(233, 113, 28); text-decoration: underline; cursor: pointer; }
.ExpandingButton .icon-collapse, .ExpandingButton .icon-expand { width: 9px; height: 9px; margin: 0px 4px 0px 0px; }
.CrossmarkModal, .DownloadIssueModal, .EntitledRecommendationsModal, .RelatedContentModal, .TransientErrorModal { position: fixed; left: 50%; top: 50%; transform: translate(-50%, -50%); z-index: 10; border-color: transparent; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 20px; overflow: auto; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 13px; color: rgb(80, 80, 80); }
.ReactModal__Body--open { overflow: hidden; }
.TransientErrorModal { max-width: 460px; max-height: 100%; padding: 32px; }
.TransientErrorModal .close { position: absolute; top: 16px; right: 16px; color: rgb(0, 115, 152); background-color: transparent; cursor: pointer; border: 0px none; padding: 0px; }
.TransientErrorModal .icon-warning { float: left; }
.TransientErrorModal p { padding-left: 48px; padding-right: 16px; }
@media screen and (max-width: 599px) {
  .TransientErrorModal { width: auto; }
}
.Body { line-height: 150%; }
.Body .monospace { font-family: monospace; }
.Body .sans-serif { font-family: sans-serif; }
.Body dd > p { margin-top: 4px; margin-bottom: 4px; }
.Body .enunciation-label { font-weight: 700; }
.Body .formula { text-align: left; display: block; margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; position: relative; }
.Body .formula > .formula { margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; }
.Body .formula .math { text-align: left; }
.Body .formula > .label { float: right; }
.Body section { margin-bottom: 8px; }
.Body section dt { float: left; clear: left; margin-right: 16px; }
.Body section dd { display: block; margin-left: 48px; }
.Body section dd p { display: inline-block; width: 100%; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 8px; }
.Body section h2 { margin-bottom: 8px; font-size: 18px; }
.Body section h3, .Body section h4, .Body section h5, .Body section h6 { margin-top: 12px; margin-bottom: 8px; font-size: 16px; }
.Body .author-highlights, .Body .editor-highlights { background-color: rgb(245, 245, 245); padding: 32px; max-width: 680px; }
.Body figure { font-size: 13px; display: block; padding-top: 8px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; border-top: 0px none; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(201, 201, 201); }
.Body figure:first-of-type { border-top: 1px solid rgb(201, 201, 201); }
.Body figure figure:first-child { border-top: 0px none; }
.Body figure h4 { float: left; padding-right: 0.3em; font-weight: 700; }
.Body figure figcaption, .Body figure span { line-height: 22px; color: rgb(115, 115, 115); display: inline-block; }
.Body figure img { height: auto; max-width: 100%; margin-bottom: 10px; }
.Body figure li { display: inline-block; margin-right: 24px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap; }
.Body .article-textbox h2 { margin: 0px; line-height: 30px; font-size: 22px; font-weight: 400; }
.Body .inter-refs .inter-ref:not(:last-of-type)::after, .Body .inter-refs .intra-ref:not(:last-of-type)::after, .Body .intra-refs .inter-ref:not(:last-of-type)::after, .Body .intra-refs .intra-ref:not(:last-of-type)::after { content: ", "; }
.Exam h2 { font-size: 18px; }
.Exam .label { float: left; line-height: inherit; font-size: inherit; }
.Exam .label + p, .Exam li > ul { margin-left: 30px; }
.Exam ul > .label { float: none; display: inline-block; margin-right: 4px; }
.Exam ul > .label::after { content: ". "; }
.Exam ul > .label + h2 { font-size: inherit; display: inline; }
.Exam ul > h2 { margin-bottom: 10px; }
.Exam ul { margin-bottom: 30px; }
.Exam figure { font-size: 13px; display: block; padding: 8px 0px; margin: 0px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(201, 201, 201); border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(201, 201, 201); }
.Exam figure h4 { float: left; padding-right: 0.3em; font-weight: 700; }
.Exam figure figcaption { line-height: 22px; color: rgb(115, 115, 115); }
.Exam figure img { max-width: 100%; }
.Exam figure li { display: inline-block; width: 50%; }
.OpenAccessLabel { color: rgb(233, 113, 28); font-size: 13px; }
.icon-pdf { display: inline-block; height: 32px; width: 32px; background: transparent url('9825b26f48cc1196883147747fe6618c.png') no-repeat scroll 0px 0px; }
.SSOUrls { display: none; }
.pad-left { padding-left: 32px; }
@media screen and (max-width: 599px) {
  .pad-left { padding-left: 16px; }
}
.pad-right { padding-right: 32px; }
@media screen and (max-width: 599px) {
  .pad-right { padding-right: 16px; }
}
.pull-left { float: left; }
.pull-right { float: right; }
@media screen and (max-width: 767px) {
  .show-t-s { display: block; }
}
@media screen and (max-width: 767px) {
  .hide-t-s { display: none; }
}
.sr-only { border: 0px none; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; width: 1px; }
.sr-only-focusable:active, .sr-only-focusable:focus { clip: auto; height: auto; margin: 0px; overflow: visible; position: static; }
body, html { margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: 100%; }
.react-root { display: block; overflow: visible; }
a:hover { color: rgb(233, 113, 28); }
header { margin: auto; }
header .ccs-component { z-index: 8; }
header .link-inherit * { color: inherit; }
header .link-inherit:hover * { text-decoration: none; }
header .link-inherit .icon { vertical-align: baseline; }
p { margin: 0px 0px 16px; }
footer { margin: auto; }
footer.main { height: 200px; }
footer .ccs-component .footer { z-index: 1; }
.glyph, .inline-figure > img { vertical-align: middle; }

/* ::::: http://sdfestaticassets-us-east-1.sciencedirectassets.com/prod/eb8d6deba48e3273cbefa9a9973b9acf0616128d/style.css ::::: */

.ccs-component { position: relative; }
.ccs-component * { font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-weight: 400; box-sizing: border-box; }
.ccs-component .ccs-icon { display: inline-block; background-repeat: no-repeat; margin: 0px; }
.ccs-component .hidden { display: none ! important; }
.ccs-component a:hover { cursor: pointer; }
.ccs-component .link { transition: border-bottom 0.3s ease 0s, color 0.3s ease 0s; }
.ccs-component .link:focus { color: rgb(0, 115, 152); }
.ccs-component .link:link, .ccs-component .link:visited { border-bottom: 2px solid transparent; color: inherit; }
.ccs-component .link:hover, .ccs-component .link:active { color: rgb(233, 113, 28); }
.ccs-component .link-inherit { border-bottom: 2px solid transparent; color: inherit; text-decoration: none; transition: border-bottom 0.3s ease 0s, color 0.3s ease 0s; }
.ccs-component .link-inherit:link, .ccs-component .link-inherit:visited { color: inherit; text-decoration: none; }
.ccs-component .link-inherit:hover, .ccs-component .link-inherit:active, .ccs-component .link-inherit:focus { border-bottom-color: currentcolor; color: rgb(233, 113, 28); text-decoration: none; }
.ccs-component .link-span { color: inherit; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s ease 0s; }
.ccs-component .link-span > span { border-bottom: 2px solid transparent; transition: border-bottom 0.3s ease 0s; }
.ccs-component .link-span:link, .ccs-component .link-span:visited, .ccs-component .link-span:focus { color: inherit; text-decoration: none; }
.ccs-component .link-span:hover, .ccs-component .link-span:active { color: rgb(233, 113, 28); text-decoration: none; }
.ccs-component .link-span:hover > span, .ccs-component .link-span:active > span { border-bottom-color: rgb(233, 113, 28); }
.ccs-component .link-blue { border-bottom: 2px solid transparent; color: currentcolor; text-decoration: none; transition: border-bottom 0.3s ease 0s, color 0.3s ease 0s; }
.ccs-component .link-blue:link, .ccs-component .link-blue:visited { color: rgb(0, 115, 152); text-decoration: none; }
.ccs-component .link-blue:hover, .ccs-component .link-blue:active, .ccs-component .link-blue:focus { border-bottom-color: currentcolor; color: rgb(233, 113, 28); text-decoration: none; }
.ccs-component .Footer { background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); width: 100%; border-color: rgb(233, 113, 28); border-width: 2px 0px 0px; border-style: solid; color: rgb(80, 80, 80); font-size: 14px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 22px; padding: 16px 0px 40px; position: relative; }
.ccs-component .Footer .els-footer { padding-right: 8px; padding-left: 8px; }
@media (min-width: 512px) {
  .ccs-component .Footer .els-footer { padding-right: 32px; padding-left: 32px; }
}
@media (max-width: 512px) {
  .ccs-component .Footer .els-footer { padding-right: 16px; padding-left: 16px; }
}
.ccs-component .Footer .els-footer-body { display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; }
@media (min-width: 768px) {
  .ccs-component .Footer .els-footer-body { width: 77.777%; }
}
@media (min-width: 1024px) {
  .ccs-component .Footer .els-footer-body { width: 83.333%; }
}
.ccs-component .Footer .els-footer-elsevier { float: left; height: 20px; }
.ccs-component .Footer .els-footer-elsevier span.svg-wordmark-elsevier { color: rgb(233, 113, 28); height: 20px; width: 104px; }
.ccs-component .Footer .els-footer-content { clear: both; padding-top: 8px; padding-bottom: 8px; vertical-align: top; font-size: 13px; }
@media (min-width: 768px) {
  .ccs-component .Footer .els-footer-content { clear: none; margin-left: 136px; padding-top: 2px; }
}
.ccs-component .Footer .els-footer-cookie-link { border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(233, 113, 28); }
.ccs-component .Footer .els-footer-links { padding-bottom: 10px; font-size: 13px; overflow-wrap: break-word; }
.ccs-component .Footer .els-footer-links a { margin-right: 16px; white-space: nowrap; }
@media (min-width: 512px) {
  .ccs-component .Footer .els-footer-links a { margin-right: 32px; }
}
.ccs-component .Footer .els-footer-relx-group { line-height: 1; min-width: 118px; text-align: left; vertical-align: bottom; width: 100%; }
.ccs-component .Footer .els-footer-relx-group span.svg-wordmark-relx-group { width: 118px; height: 18px; }
@media (min-width: 768px) {
  .ccs-component .Footer .els-footer-relx-group { display: inline-block; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2px; width: 22.222%; }
}
@media (min-width: 1024px) {
  .ccs-component .Footer .els-footer-relx-group { width: 16.666%; }
}
.ccs-component .Footer .svg-text { display: none; }
.ccs-component .LibraryBanner { position: relative; text-align: center; margin-left: -32px; margin-right: -32px; padding-top: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px; background-color: rgb(245, 245, 245); }
@media (min-width: 1020px) {
  .ccs-component .LibraryBanner { float: right; margin: 0px -24px 0px 24px; padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; }
}
.ccs-component .LibraryBanner .customer-banner-container { height: 60px; width: 234px; margin: auto; }
.ccs-component .LibraryBanner .els-header-library-image { height: 60px; width: 234px; }
.ccs-component .LibraryBanner .customer-banner { display: block; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-color: rgb(201, 201, 201); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 12px; line-height: 15px; text-align: center; height: 60px; width: 234px; overflow: hidden; }
.ccs-component .LibraryBanner .customer-banner span { display: block; }
.ccs-component .LibraryBanner .els-header-library-close { position: absolute; right: 0px; top: 0px; padding: 8px; display: inline-block; }
@media (min-width: 1020px) {
  .ccs-component .LibraryBanner .els-header-library-close { display: none; }
}
@media (max-width: 512px) {
  .ccs-component .LibraryBanner .els-header-library-close { padding-right: 24px; }
}
.ccs-component .LibraryBanner .els-header-library-close .svg-delete { width: 24px; height: 26px; }
.ccs-component .LibraryBanner .els-header-library-close .svg-delete:hover { background: transparent url('svg+xml;charset=UTF-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20viewBox%3D%220%2') no-repeat scroll 0% 0% / contain ; width: 24px; height: 26px; }
.ccs-component .SignInOut .ccs-signout-popup, .ccs-component .SignInOut .ccs-signin-popup { color: rgb(0, 0, 0); display: none; position: absolute; right: 0px; top: 48px; width: 336px; z-index: 21; }
@media (max-width: 767px) {
  .ccs-component .SignInOut .ccs-signout-popup, .ccs-component .SignInOut .ccs-signin-popup { position: fixed; top: 0px; left: 0px; right: 0px; width: calc(100% - 32px); margin: 16px; z-index: 90; }
}
.ccs-component .SignInOut .ccs-signout-popup a, .ccs-component .SignInOut .ccs-signin-popup a { color: rgb(49, 108, 157); text-decoration: none; }
.ccs-component .SignInOut .ccs-signout-popup h3, .ccs-component .SignInOut .ccs-signin-popup h3 { color: rgb(0, 0, 0); }
.ccs-component .SignInOut .ccs-signout-popup a:focus, .ccs-component .SignInOut .ccs-signout-popup a:hover, .ccs-component .SignInOut .ccs-signin-popup a:focus, .ccs-component .SignInOut .ccs-signin-popup a:hover { text-decoration: underline; }
@media (min-width: 768px) {
  .ccs-component .SignInOut .ccs-signout-popup::before, .ccs-component .SignInOut .ccs-signin-popup::before { content: ""; position: absolute; right: 0px; top: -14px; border-left: 16px solid transparent; border-bottom: 16px solid rgb(233, 113, 28); }
  .ccs-component .SignInOut .ccs-signout-popup::after, .ccs-component .SignInOut .ccs-signin-popup::after { content: ""; position: absolute; right: 0px; top: -11px; border-left: 14px solid transparent; border-bottom: 14px solid rgb(235, 235, 235); }
}
.ccs-component .SignInOut .ccs-signout-popup.is-visible, .ccs-component .SignInOut .ccs-signin-popup.is-visible { display: block; }
.ccs-component .SignInOut .ccs-signout-popup .ccs-user_personal_details, .ccs-component .SignInOut .ccs-signin-popup .ccs-user_personal_details { margin-top: 0px; }
.ccs-component .SignInOut .ccs-signout-popup-body-border, .ccs-component .SignInOut .ccs-signin-popup-body-border { padding: 16px; background-color: rgba(235, 235, 235, 0.85); border-top: 2px solid rgb(233, 113, 28); position: relative; }
.ccs-component .SignInOut .ccs-signout-popup-body, .ccs-component .SignInOut .ccs-signin-popup-body { position: relative; }
.ccs-component .SignInOut .ccs-signin-popup { width: 592px; }
@media (max-width: 767px) {
  .ccs-component .SignInOut .ccs-signin-popup { width: calc(100% - 32px); }
}
.ccs-component .SignInOut .ccs-signin-body { background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: block; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 16px 0px; margin: 0px; white-space: nowrap; }
.ccs-component .SignInOut .ccs-signin-body a { color: rgb(49, 108, 157); }
.ccs-component .SignInOut .ccs-signin-body h3 { font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; }
.ccs-component .SignInOut .ccs-signin-body .ccs-signout-organization { z-index: 1000; }
@media (max-width: 512px) {
  .ccs-component .SignInOut .ccs-signin-body .ccs-signout-organization { white-space: normal; }
}
.ccs-component .SignInOut .ccs-signin-body .ccs-signout-organization .ccs-signout-organization-change { display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; white-space: nowrap; border-bottom: medium none; }
@media (max-width: 512px) {
  .ccs-component .SignInOut .ccs-signin-body .ccs-signout-organization .ccs-signout-organization-change { white-space: normal; }
}
.ccs-component .SignInOut .ccs-signin-local, .ccs-component .SignInOut .ccs-signin-remote { display: block; padding: 8px 16px; vertical-align: top; white-space: normal; border-top: medium none; }
@media (min-width: 512px) {
  .ccs-component .SignInOut .ccs-signin-local, .ccs-component .SignInOut .ccs-signin-remote { display: inline-block; }
}
@media (min-width: 768px) {
  .ccs-component .SignInOut .ccs-signin-local, .ccs-component .SignInOut .ccs-signin-remote { width: 50%; }
}
.ccs-component .SignInOut .ccs-signin-local { border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(201, 201, 201); }
@media (min-width: 512px) {
  .ccs-component .SignInOut .ccs-signin-local { border-right: 1px solid rgb(201, 201, 201); border-bottom: medium none; margin-right: -1px; width: 55%; }
}
.ccs-component .SignInOut .ccs-signin-local h3 { margin: 0px 0px 16px; }
@media (min-width: 512px) {
  .ccs-component .SignInOut .ccs-signin-remote { border-top: 0px none; width: 45%; border-bottom: medium none; }
}
.ccs-component .SignInOut .ccs-signin-remote h3 { margin-bottom: 4px; }
.ccs-component .SignInOut .ccs-signin-institution { margin-top: 5px ! important; list-style-position: outside; padding: 0px; }
.ccs-component .SignInOut .ccs-signin-institution a { border-bottom: medium none; }
.ccs-component .SignInOut .ccs-signin-institution li:first-child { margin-bottom: 5px; }
.ccs-component .SignInOut .ccs-signin-institution li:last-child { margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; }
.ccs-component .SignInOut .ccs-signin-form { display: table; margin-top: -8px; width: 100%; }
.ccs-component .SignInOut .ccs-signin-form > div { display: table-row; }
.ccs-component .SignInOut .ccs-signin-form-left { display: table-cell; padding-right: 16px; padding-top: 8px; width: 80px; }
.ccs-component .SignInOut .ccs-signin-form-right { display: table-cell; padding-top: 8px; }
.ccs-component .SignInOut .ccs-signin-form-right a { border-bottom: medium none; }
.ccs-component .SignInOut .ccs-signin-username, .ccs-component .SignInOut .ccs-signin-password { border: 1px solid rgb(201, 201, 201); height: 24px; line-height: 1; padding: 0px 6px; width: 100%; }
.ccs-component .SignInOut .ccs-signin-submit { margin-right: 16px; cursor: pointer; }
.ccs-component .SignInOut .signin-forgotpass, .ccs-component .SignInOut .signin-remember { padding-bottom: 16px; }
.ccs-component .SignInOut .ccs-signin-not-registered { white-space: nowrap; }
.ccs-component .SignInOut .ccs-signout-body { background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: block; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 16px 16px 0px; }
.ccs-component .SignInOut .ccs-signout-body.mobilemenu-signedin { background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; }
.ccs-component .SignInOut .ccs-signout-body h3 { font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; }
.ccs-component .SignInOut .ccs-signout-body .ccs-signout-organization { margin-bottom: 16px; }
.ccs-component .SignInOut .ccs-signout-body .ccs-signout-organization .ccs-signout-organization-change { display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; white-space: nowrap; }
.ccs-component .SignInOut .ccs-signout-navigation-title { padding-bottom: 4px; }
.ccs-component .SignInOut .ccs-signout-navigation-list, .ccs-component .SignInOut .user_personal_details { padding-bottom: 16px; }
.ccs-component .SignInOut .ccs-signin-open-athens { display: block; text-overflow: ellipsis; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; max-height: 3em; line-height: 1.5em; margin-top: 5px; }
.ccs-component .SignInOut .ccs-admin-tool { margin-bottom: 7px; }
.ccs-component .SignInOut .ccs-admin-account { font-size: 14px; }
.ccs-component .SignInOut .ccs-sign-in-close { display: none; }
@media (min-width: 768px) {
  .ccs-component .ccs-mobile-signin-popup.is-visible { display: none ! important; }
}
.ccs-component .ccs-mobile-signin-popup .ccs-sign-in-close { display: block; position: absolute; top: 0px; right: 0px; }
.ccs-component .HamburgerButton { display: none; float: right; margin-top: 20px; }
.ccs-component .HamburgerButton.button-pressed { z-index: 80; position: fixed; left: auto; right: 320px; transition-duration: 0.4s; }
@media (max-width: 380px) {
  .ccs-component .HamburgerButton.button-pressed { left: 32px; right: auto; }
}
.ccs-component .HamburgerButton.button-pressed .svg-hamburger-closed { background: transparent url('svg+xml;charset=UTF-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3_001.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20viewBox%3D%220%2') no-repeat scroll center center; display: inline-block; width: 40px; height: 18px; }
@media (max-width: 767px) {
  .ccs-component .HamburgerButton { display: inline-block; }
}
.ccs-component .HamburgerButton button { height: 26px; width: 40px; border: medium none; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; }
.ccs-component .HamburgerButton .svg-hamburger-closed { display: inline-block; width: 40px; height: 18px; background-position: center center; transition-duration: 0.3s; }
.ccs-component .HamburgerButton .svg-hamburger-closed:hover { width: 26px; height: 18px; cursor: pointer; background-size: auto auto; }
.ccs-component .MobileMenu { display: none; position: fixed; background-color: rgb(49, 49, 49); width: 300px; max-width: 70%; right: 0px; color: rgb(245, 245, 245); top: 0px; line-height: 32px; z-index: 70; height: 100%; }
@media (max-width: 767px) {
  .ccs-component .MobileMenu.mobile-menu-open { display: block; }
}
.ccs-component .MobileMenu::after { background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); bottom: 0px; content: " "; right: 100%; position: absolute; top: 0px; width: 768px; z-index: 70; opacity: 0.8; }
.ccs-component .MobileMenu a { color: rgb(245, 245, 245); }
.ccs-component .MobileMenu .mobile-menu-container { height: 100%; width: 100%; }
.ccs-component .MobileMenu .primary-mobile-menu { font-size: 16px; background-color: rgb(38, 38, 38); }
.ccs-component .MobileMenu .primary-mobile-menu .els-header-navigation-section { margin-left: 16px; padding-top: 8px; }
.ccs-component .MobileMenu .secondary-mobile-menu { font-size: 15px; padding-top: 16px; line-height: 24px; }
.ccs-component .MobileMenu .secondary-mobile-menu .els-header-navigation-section { margin-left: 16px; }
.ccs-component .MobileMenu .secondary-mobile-menu li { margin-left: 16px; }
.ccs-component .MobileMenu .secondary-mobile-menu ul.ccs-user_personal_details { display: none; margin-top: 0px; margin-left: 16px; margin-bottom: 0px; }
.ccs-component .MobileMenu .secondary-mobile-menu ul.ccs-user_personal_details.is-visible { display: block; }
.ccs-component .MobileMenu .secondary-mobile-menu ul.ccs-user_personal_details li { margin-top: 8px; vertical-align: top; }
.ccs-component .MobileMenu .els-header-user { margin-left: 32px; padding-top: 6px; vertical-align: top; }
.ccs-component .MobileMenu .els-header-user-icon-signin { display: none; }
.ccs-component .MobileMenu .els-header-user-sign-in { display: inherit ! important; }
.ccs-component .MobileMenu .loggedInUserName { display: block; width: 100%; height: 64px; background-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); outline: medium none; }
.ccs-component .MobileMenu .loggedInUserName .els-header-user-name { color: rgb(115, 115, 115); display: inline-block; height: 64px; border-left: 5px solid rgb(38, 38, 38); padding: 16px; max-width: calc(100% - 64px); text-overflow: ellipsis; overflow: hidden; white-space: nowrap; }
.ccs-component .MobileMenu .loggedInUserName .els-header-user-icon-signout { float: left; height: 32px; width: 27px; margin: 16px; color: rgb(115, 115, 115); }
.ccs-component .MobileMenu .ccs-signout-organization strong { display: block; color: rgb(115, 115, 115); font-size: 14px; margin: 12px 16px 0px; line-height: 1.2em; }
.ccs-component .MobileMenu .ccs-signout-organization .ccs-signout-organization-change { display: inline-block; margin: 8px 16px 0px; font-size: 16px; color: rgb(150, 150, 150); }
.ccs-component .MobileMenu .ccs-signout-organization .ccs-signout-organization-change:hover { color: rgb(233, 113, 28); }
.ccs-component .MobileMenu .ccs-signout-navigation-title { font-size: 16px; margin-left: 16px; }
.ccs-component .MobileMenu .ccs-signout-navigation-title a { text-decoration: none; border-bottom: medium none; }
.ccs-component .MobileMenu .ccs-signout-navigation-title a:focus .svg-sdfe-arrow-down-white { background: transparent url('svg+xml;charset=UTF-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2217%22') no-repeat scroll 0% 0%; }
.ccs-component .MobileMenu .ccs-signout-navigation-title a:hover .svg-sdfe-arrow-down-white { background: transparent url('svg+xml;charset=UTF-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3_001.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2217%22') no-repeat scroll 0% 0%; }
.ccs-component .MobileMenu .ccs-signout-navigation-title .menu-open { color: rgb(233, 113, 28); }
.ccs-component .MobileMenu .ccs-signout-navigation-title .menu-open .svg-sdfe-arrow-down-white { transform: rotate(180deg); background: transparent url('svg+xml;charset=UTF-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3_001.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2217%22') no-repeat scroll 0% 0%; }
.ccs-component .MobileMenu .ccs-signout-navigation-title .menu-open:focus { color: rgb(0, 115, 152); }
.ccs-component .MobileMenu .ccs-signout-navigation-title .svg-sdfe-arrow-down-white { float: right; margin: 4px 16px 0px 0px; }
.ccs-component .MobileMenu .details-and-settings-mobile-link { -moz-user-select: none; }
.ccs-component .JournalsAndBooks.els-header-navigation { display: none; white-space: nowrap; top: 0px; }
@media (min-width: 768px) {
  .ccs-component .JournalsAndBooks.els-header-navigation { display: inline-block; float: left; }
}
.ccs-component .JournalsAndBooks .els-header-navigation-item { padding-bottom: 2px; }
.ccs-component .JournalsAndBooks .els-header-navigation-section { display: inline-block; margin-right: 32px; padding-top: 6px; vertical-align: top; }
.ccs-component .JournalsAndBooks .els-header-navigation-section:nth-child(3) { margin-left: 32px; margin-right: 0px; }
.ccs-component .JournalsAndBooks .els-selected-header-navigation-item { border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(233, 113, 28); transition: border-bottom 0.3s ease 0s; }
.ccs-component .mobilemenu-content .els-header-navigation { display: inline-block; }
.ccs-component .mobilemenu-content .els-header-navigation-section { display: block; }
.ccs-component .mobilemenu-content .els-header-navigation-section:first-child { margin-left: 16px; }
.ccs-component .mobilemenu-content .els-header-navigation-section:nth-child(3) { margin-left: 16px; }
.ccs-component .Help { display: inline-block; margin-right: 8px; }
.ccs-component .Help .els-header-help { display: inline-block; }
.ccs-component .Help .svg-help { display: inline-block; width: 20px; height: 28px; background-size: 19px 19px; background-position: center center; vertical-align: top; }
.ccs-component .Help .svg-help:hover { background: transparent url('svg+xml;charset=UTF-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20viewBox%3D%22-29') no-repeat scroll center center / 19px 19px; display: inline-block; width: 20px; height: 28px; vertical-align: top; }
.ccs-component .Help .els-header-help:focus .svg-help { background: transparent url('svg+xml;charset=UTF-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20viewBox%3D%22-29') no-repeat scroll center center / 19px 19px; }
@media (max-width: 767px) {
  .ccs-component .Help { display: list-item ! important; margin-left: 32px; padding-top: 6px; vertical-align: top; }
  .ccs-component .Help .svg-help { background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: auto; height: auto; font-size: 15px; }
  .ccs-component .Help .svg-help:hover { background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: auto; height: auto; }
  .ccs-component .Help .svg-help .svg-text { display: inline-block; font-size: 15px; word-break: normal; }
  .ccs-component .Help .els-header-help:focus .svg-help { background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; }
}
.ccs-component .header { background: rgb(255, 255, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: rgb(80, 80, 80); font-size: 18px; height: auto; min-height: 80px; position: relative; list-style: outside none none; z-index: 1000; }
.ccs-component .header ol, .ccs-component .header ul { list-style: outside none none; padding: 0px; }
.ccs-component .header h3 { margin: 0px; }
.ccs-component .header .els-header { margin: 0px; min-height: 80px; }
@media (min-width: 512px) {
  .ccs-component .header .els-header { padding-right: 32px; padding-left: 32px; }
}
@media (max-width: 512px) {
  .ccs-component .header .els-header { padding-right: 16px; padding-left: 16px; }
}
.ccs-component .header .els-header-leftside { float: left; margin-top: 30px; }
.ccs-component .header .els-header-menu { display: inline-block; padding-right: 32px; padding-top: 3px; }
.ccs-component .header .els-header-wordmark { display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; }
@media (min-width: 512px) {
  .ccs-component .header .els-header-wordmark { width: 189px; }
}
.ccs-component .header .els-main-title { display: inline-block; height: auto; top: 0px; }
.ccs-component .header .svg-wordmark-sciencedirect-orange { height: 24px; }
.ccs-component .header .svg-text { display: none; }
.ccs-component .header .els-header-sub-nav-container { min-height: 80px; }
.ccs-component .header .els-header-sub-nav { padding: 10px 0px 2px; min-height: 80px; }
@media (min-width: 768px) {
  .ccs-component .header .els-header-sub-nav { float: right; }
}
.ccs-component .header .els-header-sub-nav ul { margin-top: 18px; }
.ccs-component .header .els-header-icons { display: none; float: right; padding-left: 0px; margin-left: 0px; top: 0px; }
@media (min-width: 768px) {
  .ccs-component .header .els-header-icons { display: inline-block; }
}
.ccs-component .header .els-header-icons-item { display: none; vertical-align: top; }
@media (min-width: 768px) {
  .ccs-component .header .els-header-icons-item { display: inline-block; margin-left: 32px; }
}
.ccs-component .header .MobileMenu .els-header-icons-item { display: block; }
.ccs-component .header .els-header-user { position: relative; vertical-align: top; padding-top: 6px; }
.ccs-component .header .els-header-user-link { display: inline-block; cursor: pointer; }
.ccs-component .header .els-header-user-link a { text-decoration: none; }
.ccs-component .header .els-header-user-link .els-header-user-sign-in { display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; padding-bottom: 2px; }
.ccs-component .header .els-header-user-link .els-header-user-icon-signin { margin: 2px 0px -2px 8px; }
.ccs-component .header .els-header-user-link:hover .svg-sdfe-arrow-down, .ccs-component .header .els-header-user-link:focus .svg-sdfe-arrow-down { background: transparent url('svg+xml;charset=UTF-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3_002.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2217%22') no-repeat scroll 0% 0%; }
.ccs-component .header .els-header-user-link .els-header-user-name { display: inline-block; font-size: 15px; max-width: 175px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap; overflow-wrap: normal; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-top: 2px; color: rgb(118, 118, 118); }
.ccs-component .header .els-header-user-link:focus .els-header-user-name { color: rgb(0, 115, 152); }
.ccs-component .header .els-header-user-link:hover .els-header-user-name { color: rgb(233, 113, 28); }
.ccs-component .header .els-header-user-link .els-header-user-icon-signout { margin: 0px 0px 0px 8px; display: inline-block; width: 20px; height: 24px; vertical-align: top; }
.ccs-component .header .els-header-user-link .svg-person { width: 24px; height: 21px; margin-top: -6px; background-size: 21.5px 22px; }
.ccs-component .header .els-header-user-link:hover .svg-person, .ccs-component .header .els-header-user-link:focus .svg-person { background: transparent url('svg+xml;charset=UTF-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3_002.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20viewBox%3D%220%2') no-repeat scroll 0% 0% / 21.5px 22px; width: 24px; height: 21px; margin-top: -6px; }
.ccs-component .header .els-selected-header-navigation-item { border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(233, 113, 28); transition: border-bottom 0.3s ease 0s; }
.ccs-component .header .is-visible { display: block; }
.ccs-component .header .signIn_User .els-header-user-sign-in:focus { color: rgb(0, 115, 152); }
.ccs-component .header .signIn_User .els-header-user-sign-in:hover { color: rgb(233, 113, 28); }
.ccs-component .svg-delete { width: 24px; height: 26px; background: transparent url('svg+xml;charset=UTF-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3_003.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20viewBox%3D%220%2') no-repeat scroll 0% 0% / contain ; }
.ccs-component .svg-delete-orange { width: 24px; height: 26px; background: transparent url('svg+xml;charset=UTF-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20viewBox%3D%220%2') no-repeat scroll 0% 0% / contain ; }
.ccs-component .svg-hamburger-closed { width: 40px; height: 18px; background: transparent url('svg+xml;charset=UTF-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3_004.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20viewBox%3D%220%2') no-repeat scroll 0% 0% / contain ; }
.ccs-component .svg-hamburger-opened { width: 40px; height: 18px; background: transparent url('svg+xml;charset=UTF-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3_005.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20viewBox%3D%220%2') no-repeat scroll 0% 0% / contain ; }
.ccs-component .svg-help { width: 1024px; height: 1024px; background: transparent url('svg+xml;charset=UTF-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3_001.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20viewBox%3D%22-29') no-repeat scroll 0% 0% / contain ; }
.ccs-component .svg-help-blue { width: 1024px; height: 1024px; background: transparent url('svg+xml;charset=UTF-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3_002.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20viewBox%3D%22-29') no-repeat scroll 0% 0% / contain ; }
.ccs-component .svg-help-orange { width: 1024px; height: 1024px; background: transparent url('svg+xml;charset=UTF-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3_003.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20viewBox%3D%22-29') no-repeat scroll 0% 0% / contain ; }
.ccs-component .svg-navigate-down { width: 1280px; height: 740.798px; background: transparent url('svg+xml;charset=UTF-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20viewBox%3D%22-27') no-repeat scroll 0% 0% / contain ; }
.ccs-component .svg-person { width: 54px; height: 64px; background: transparent url('svg+xml;charset=UTF-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3_006.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20viewBox%3D%220%2') no-repeat scroll 0% 0% / contain ; }
.ccs-component .svg-person-blue { width: 54px; height: 64px; background: transparent url('svg+xml;charset=UTF-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3_007.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20viewBox%3D%220%2') no-repeat scroll 0% 0% / contain ; }
.ccs-component .svg-person-orange { width: 54px; height: 64px; background: transparent url('svg+xml;charset=UTF-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3_008.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20viewBox%3D%220%2') no-repeat scroll 0% 0% / contain ; }
.ccs-component .svg-sdfe-arrow-down { width: 17px; height: 16px; background: transparent url('svg+xml;charset=UTF-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3_003.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2217%22') no-repeat scroll 0% 0% / contain ; }
.ccs-component .svg-sdfe-arrow-down-orange { width: 17px; height: 16px; background: transparent url('svg+xml;charset=UTF-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3_004.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2217%22') no-repeat scroll 0% 0% / contain ; }
.ccs-component .svg-sdfe-arrow-down-white { width: 17px; height: 16px; background: transparent url('svg+xml;charset=UTF-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3_005.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2217%22') no-repeat scroll 0% 0% / contain ; }
.ccs-component .svg-sdfe-help { width: 11px; height: 17px; background: transparent url('svg+xml;charset=UTF-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2211%22') no-repeat scroll 0% 0% / contain ; }
.ccs-component .svg-wordmark-elsevier { width: 140.01px; height: 24.333px; background: transparent url('svg+xml;charset=UTF-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20id%3D%22wordmark') no-repeat scroll 0% 0% / contain ; }
.ccs-component .svg-wordmark-journals-consult-orange { width: 205px; height: 26px; background: transparent 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